A list of absent family subgroups in Brazil, in Brazilian families with partially or fully stable classification. 59 families listed. Only clades at tribe level (or equivalent) or higher were highlighted (except Apocynaceae), and the distributions indicated refer only within South America. The numbers in each subgroup are based mainly on SSAA (SEE) and do not necessarily reflect the increase in the number of species from other sources or since them.
MAGNOLIANAE
ANNONACEAE ‣ all New World groups occur in Brazil except tribe Miliuseae (29/490-495). New World members of this tribe composes Sapranthinae subtribe, with two genera — Desmopsis and Sapranthus, all from Mexico to Colombia, the first also in Cuba.
MONIMIACEAE ‣ two of the three subfamilies occur in the New World, with subfamily Monimioideae (3/19) with two genera in Mauritius, Réunion, New Guinea, E Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Peumus Molina endemic to Chile; the other New World subfamily, Mollinedioideae, occur in over tropical America.
LILIANAE
ALSTROEMERIACEAE ‣ two tribes in this family, Alstroemerieae present in Brazil and Luzuriagae, with two genera, the outsider Drymophila (2 E & SE Australia, Tasmania) and Luzuriaga Ruiz & Pavon (4), from New Zealand and Atacama to Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Is in South America.
AMARYLLIDACEAE ‣ despite the low diversity of genera, only 3 of the 8 South American tribes do not occur in Brazil — Gillesieae (5/24) from Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina; Eustephieae (3/20) from Peru, Argentina and Chile; and Clinantheae (3/15) from Ecuador to Argentina and Chile.
ASPARAGACEAE ‣ only one of the six lineages in South America does not occur in Brazil: tribe Laxmannioideae (8/95), represented by Trichopetalum (2) from Neuquen in Argentina to C Chile.
ARECACEAE ‣ 11 of the 15 South American tribes occur in Brazil — the exceptions are tribe Sabaleae (Coryphoideae, 1/14) with Sabal in Colombia and Venezuela; tribe Ceroxyleae (Ceroxyloideae, 4/34) with Ceroxylon and Juania from Venezuela to Bolivia and Juan Fernandes in Chile; tribe Roystoneae (Arecoideae, 1/11) with Roystonea in Colombia and Venezuela; and tribe Reinhardtieae (Arecoideae, 1/6) with Reinhardtia in NW Colombia.
BROMELIACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil except tribe Glomeropitcairnieae in Tillandsioideae (1/2 in South America) in N Venezuela, and Greigia clade in Bromelioideae (4/41 in South America) from Mexico to Chile (continental and insular), Argentina and Venezuela.
CYPERACEAE ‣ all 14 South American tribes occur in Brazil except tribe Scirpeae (9/74) represented by 6 genera and 21 spp. in South America, from Colombia to Argentina and Chile.
POACEAE ‣ despite the huge amount of genera in Pooideae and Chloridioideae does not occur in Brazil, all South American tribes and subfamilies in the family occur in Brazil except subfamily Arundinoideae (11-13/35-37), with Phragmites australis (Nees) Döll in all coutries of New World except Brazil, Paraguay and some Caribbean islands, and tribe Brachypodieae (1/18) at Pooideae, with Brachypodium mexicanum (Roem. & Schult.) Link from Colombia to Bolivia. Furthermore, 7 subtribes in Pooideae and 8 in Chloridioideae among tribes ound in Braziloccur in South America but non in Brazil.
RANUNCULANAE
RANUNCULACEAE ‣ two subfamilies in South America, subfamily Ranunculoideae subcosmopolitan, present in S Brazil, and subfamily Thalictroideae (7-8/280-340) unknown in country, with 7 spp. of Thalictrum All. known from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.
BUXANAE
BUXACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Stylocerateae (4/21) occur worldwide, and in South America from Colombia to Bolivia and W Brazil, and Buxeae (1/101), widely in northern Hemisphere, which in South America occur only from Caribbean coast of Colombia, Venezuela, and in Suriname.
PROTEANAE
PROTEACEAE ‣ three tribes in South America, two in Brazil, and tribe Embothrieae (12/520) unknown, reprtesented in continent by three genera and six spp. from Ecuador, Peru, Chile and Argentina.
SAXIFRAGANAE
CRASSULACEAE ‣ only two genera in South America, one in a each subfamily: Crassuloideae occur in Brazil (1), and Sempervivoideae (18/1,185) has Sedum in continent, with 43 spp. in region, from Venezuela to Argentina, mainly in high mountains from Peru.
ROSANAE
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE ‣ three subfamilies in South America, two in Brazil and one absent: Zygophylloideae (6/183), represented by Fagonia chilensis Hook. & Arn., in western coast of South America in N Chile and S Peru.
CELASTRACEAE ‣ nine lineages in South America, seven in Brazil, two absent: tribe Stackhousioideae (18/89) with two species of Crossopetalum from Venezuela to Peru, and tribe Brexioideae (15/108-123) with Elaeodendron xylocarpum (Vent.) DC. in Venezuela.
CUNONIACEAE ‣ 4 genera within 4 tribes in South America, two in Brazil plus tribe Eucrypheae (1/7) with two species of Eucryphia in Argentina and Chile, and tribe Caldcluvieae (4/10) with a single species of Caldcluvia in Argentina and Chile.
MALPIGHIACEAE ‣ 13 lineages in South America, all in South America except Ectopopterys clade (1/1), restricted fro Colombia to Peru.
VIOLACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, subfamily Violoideae occur in Brazil, and subfamily Fusispermoideae (1/3) is absent, with two species of Fusispermum from Colombia to Peru.
PASSIFLORACEAE ‣ four subfamilies in South America, two in Brazil and two monogeneric and absent and restricts for continent: subfamily Pibiroideae (1/1) endemic to Guyana, and subfamily Malesherbioideae (1/24) from Peru, Argentina and Chile.
EUPHORBIACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil except tribe Aleuritidae (15/60), with Garcia nutans Vahl ex Rohr in Colombia.
FABACEAE ‣ 33 clades in South America, 31 tribes among three subfamilies and two small subfamilies All occur in Brazil except four: Prioria clade (3/16) with Prioria copaifera Griseb. in NW Colombia; Cladrastidoids clade (3/18) with Styphnolobium sporadicum M. Sousa & Rudd in NW Colombia; tribe Glycyrrhizeae (1/18) with Glycyrrhiza astragalina Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. in Argentina and Chile; and tribe Hedysareae (25–27/〜4,300) with 117 species of Astragalus from Ecuador to Argentina and Chile.
ROSACEAE ‣ 7 tribes occur in South America, five in Brazil, tribe Spireeae (8/〜110), with Holodiscus argenteus (L.f.) Maxim. in Colombia, and tribe Pyrodeae (27/〜730), with (2/)18 species from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile Among native Brazilian tribe Potentilleae, subtribe Potentiliinae (1/493) is nknown in Brazil, with 4 species of Potentilla from Venezuela to Argentina.
GERANIACEAE ‣ two higher clades — tribe Geranieae occur in Brazil, and Hypseocharis Clade (1/7) is exclusive from S Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
FRANCOACEAE ‣ two tribes, tribe Vivianieae (4/18) occur in Brazil, and tribe Francoeae (2/2) is endemic to Chile.
MYRTACEAE ‣ two subfamiles in South America. All South American tribes within subfamily Myrtoideae occur in Brazil, however subfamily Metrosidereae is composed by only one species in South America, M. stipularis (Hook. & Arn.) Hook. f., in Argentina and S Chile.
MELASTOMATACEAE ‣ 18 lineages, 17 tribes of subfamily Melastomatoideae plus two genera from subfamily Olisbeoideae occur in South America, only two are absent in Brazil: tribe Astronieae (4/156) with 4 spcies of Tessmannianthus in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru; and tribe Cyphostyleae (4/20), fully exclusive from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
ANACARDIACEAE ‣ six lineages (one small subfamily, two singled tribes in Anacardioideae, and three clades within tribe Anacardieae) occur in South America, all in Brazil except Clade 3 for Anacardieae (10/〜100), with 16 species of Mauria in Venezuela to Bolivia.
SAPINDACEAE ‣ 11 lineages in South America (one small subfamily and 10 tribes within two remaining subfamilies), 4 unknown in Brazil: subfamily Hipocastonoideae (5/180-185), with one Billia in Colombia; tribe Doratoxyleae (8/19) at Dodonaeoideae, with one Exothea in Colombia and Ecuador; Blomia clade (3/10) at Sapindoideae, with a genus exclusive genus in Argentina and Chile; and tribe Bridgesieae (1/1), also Sapindoideae, monotypic tribe endemic to Chile.
RUTACEAE ‣ six subfamilies, three are unknwon in South America, two (Cneoroideae and Zanthoxyloideae) occur in Brazil, and Amyridoideae (3/42) has Amyris, with 12 species from Venezuela to Peru and Guianas.
CLEOMACEAE ‣ family in deep rearrangement, with six lineages in the New World, four in Brazil, Iltisella Clade (1/2) only in Mexico and America Central, and Andean Clade (4/39), from Mexico to Bolivia and Caribbean, all genera in South America.
BRASSICACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Aethionomoideae (1/56) and Brassicoideae, the latter with five supertribes, all in New World, four in South America, and 57 tribes belongs in this family, 12 in South America, two in Brazil (Cardamineae and Lepidieae) and 10 absent in 4 supertribes (German et al., PhytoKeys, 2023):
▪ [Camelinodae]: tribes Descuiraneae (6/45, (3/)12 from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile), Physarieae (7/133, only six species of Physaria from Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay) and Halimolobeae (6/39, (4/)13 from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile).
▪ [Brassicodae]: tribes Coluteocarpeae (3/127, Noccaea magelanica (Comm. ex Poir.) Holub from Argentina and Chile), Thelypodieae (28/260, (14/)96 species in South America) and Brassiceae (〜36/〜275, Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O.E. Schulz in Colombia and Venezuela).
▪ [Heliophiloidae]: tribes Eudemeae (10/〜43, all from Colombia to Argentina and Chile), Cremolobeae (4/32, all from Colombia to Argentina and Chile) and Schizopetaleae (4/19, all from Peru, Argentina and Chile).
▪ [Arabodae]: (45/)750 spp., with (2/)84 sepciesfrom Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.
CISTACEAE ‣ two higly distinct clades: Cistoideae mainly temperate herbs from northern Hemisphere with a single species in S South America, incuding Brazil; and Pakaraimaeoideae, a composed by a single tall tropical tree Pakaraima dipterocarpacea Maguire & Ashton from E Venezuela and W Guyana.
MALVACEAE ‣ nine subfamilies, 8 in South America, all of them and your tribes occur in Brazil except subfamily Tilioideae (3/37), from temperate regions on the northern Hemisphere, with Mortoniodendron (15) reaching to NW Colombia (1) in South America.
SANTALANAE
LORANTHACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil except Notantherinae, with two genera endemic to Chile (Desmaria, Notanthera).
SANTALACEAE ‣ seven tribes, sometimes recognized as families, 5 in South America, all in Brazil except tribe Nanodeoideae, with two genera (Mida, Nanodea) from Argentina (1/1), Chile (2/2) and New Zealand (1/1).
CARYOPHYLLANAE
POLYGONACEAE ‣ 7 lineages (a smaller subfamily and six tribes within two remaining families) in South America, only one absent in Brazil, tribe Erigoneae (12/410-420) among subfamily Erigonoideae, with (4/)21 spp. in South America.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE ‣ eight tribes in South America, two unknown in Brazil: tribe Theliphoideae (2/15) with 4 spp. of Corrigiola in Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina; and tribe Sileneae (2/882), with 23 spp. of Silene from Ecuador to Argentina and Chile.
AMARANTHACEAE ‣ three of the five South American subfamilies occur in Brazil — the others are subfamily Polycnemoideae (3/16-18) with two species of Nitrophila in Argentina and Chile, one each, and subfamily Suaedioideae (2/75-80), with nine species of Suaeda from S Peru, W Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.
AIZOACEAE ‣ only 4 genera in South America among three subfamilies, subfamily Sesuvioideae in Brazil, and two remaining unknown in country: subfamily Aizooideae (7/124), with 11 spp. of Tetragonia L. S Peru and N Chile, and subfamily Ruschioideae (106/1,410-1,430). with a single Carpobrotus species in Argentina and Chile.
NYCTAGINACEAE ‣ six lineages in South America (three small subfamilies and three tribes in subfamily Nyctaginoideae), two of them no recorded in Brazil, being subfamily Boldoideae (3/3), with (2/)2 species in Colombia to Bolivia; and tribe Colignonieae (1/6) exclusive from Colombia to Argentina.
CACTACEAE ‣ 13 lineages at this family (3 small subfamilies and 10 tribes within Opuntioideae and Cactoideae), all in South America, five unknown in Brazil: subfamily Maihuenioideae (1/2) restricted from Argentina and Chile; tribe Tephrocacteae (7/57) among Opuntioideae, restricted from Colombia to Argentina and Chile; tribe Blossfeldieae (1/1) from Bolivia to N Argentina, in Cactoideae; tribe Cacteae (32-35/405-425) with two species of Mamillaria in Colombia and Venezuela in Cactoideae; and tribe Lymanbensonieae (3/c. 40), from Ecuador, Peru, Chile and Bolivia in Cactoideae. Furthermore, 8 subtribe-equivalent groups are Brazilian absent (two in tribe Cereinae and six in tribe Phyllocacteae), just like clade II in Trichocereinae.
ASTERANAE
LOASACEAE ‣ three subfamilies, all in Brazil except Gronoviodeae (4/9) with Gronovia scandens L. from Venezuela and Peru.
TETRAMERISTACEAE ‣ a smaller family with two genera in South America, the monotypic Pentamerista at tribe Tetrameristeae in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela, and Pelliciera (2) at tribe Pelliciereae, with one species in mangroves from Ecuador and Colombia.
PRIMULACEAE ‣ four subfamilies occur in South America, three in Brazil, and subfamily Primuloideae (6/540-550) absent, with two genera (Androsace and Primula), one species each in South America, from WC & S Argentina and in S Chile, also in Falklands Is.
ERICACEAE ‣ 8 lineages (two small subfamilies and six tribes within two remaining subfamilies) occur in South America, three unknown in Brazi: subfamily Monotropoideae (14/55-60) with one Monotropa in Colombia; subfamily Styphellioideae (35/510-525) with the monotypic Lebetanthus in S Argentina and S Chile; and tribe Empetreae (3/6) in Ericoideae, with one Empetrum from S South America, Faklands Is. and Tristan de Cunha.
SOLANACEAE ‣ family with several lineages with dubious nomenclatural position. 19 lineages in South America, 7 subfamily-equivalent plus 12 tribe-equivalent within subfamilies Cestroideae and Solanoideae, six unknown in Brazil, two at subfamily-equivalent level: subfamily Schizanthoidae (1/12) restrict from Argentina and Chile, and tribe Benthamielleae (3/15) exclusive from Argentina and Chile; and four tribe-equivalent level, being tribe Salpiglossideae (2/7) at Cestroideae with (2/)6 species in Argentina and Chile; tribe Browallieae (1/17) at Cestroideae with 17 species of Browallia from Venezuela to Bolivia; Exodeconus clade (1/6) monogeneric from Ecuador, Peru, Argentina and Chile; and tribe Nicandreae (1/3) monogeneric from Peru to N Argentina.
GENTIANACEAE ‣ six tribes in South America, only tribe Gentianeae (17/940-970) absent in Brazil, with (3/)218 species in South America.
APOCYNACEAE ‣ all South American clades of Apocynaceae occur in South America except monogeneric subtribes Pentacyphinae (5, Venezuela to Peru) and Diplolepinae (14, Argentina and Chile), both in tribe Asclepiadeae.
RUBIACEAE ‣ 31 tribes in South America, only two unknown in Brazil: tribe Rondeletieae (13/c. 210) with 13 species of Rondeletia from Venezuela to Peru; and tribe Anthospermeae (10/210-215), with 7 species in three genera from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.
GESNERIACEAE ‣ two of the three South American subfamilies do not occur in Brazil: subfamily Sanangoideae (1/1), monotypic restricted from Peru and Ecuador, and subfamily Epithemateae (7/c. 80) with a single New World species, Rhynchoglossum azureum (Schltdl.) B.L. Burtt, from Mexico to Honduras, Costa Rica to Peru All South American clades in Gesnerioideae occur in Brazil except tribe Coronanthereae (9/23), with three monotypic genera from Argentina and S Chile, and subtribe Gesneriinae (4/c. 70), with two species of Rhytidophyllum in Colombia and Venezuela.
PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ nine lineages (two small subfamilies and 7 tribes within three remaining subfamilies) in South America, three on recorded in Brazil: tribe Sibthorpieae (2/6, Plantaginoideae) with two species of Sibthorpia from Venezuela to Argentina; tribe Russelioideae within a unnamed subfamily, with R. sarmentosa Jacq. in Colombia; and subfamily Antirrhinoideae (26/290-300) with nine species along three genera from Venezuela to Argentina.
SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ four lineages in South America, all with a single genus in continent, one oft these in Brazil: tribe Hemimeridae (5/c. 160), with Alonsoa (10) from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile, also in Africa.
LAMIACEAE ‣ 12 subfamilies, seven in New World and all in Brazil except the Callicarpa Clade, composed exclusively by Callicarpa acuminata Kunth in South America, up to Venezuela and Bolivia.
OROBANCHACEAE ‣ four tribes of this family occur in South America, Orobancheae (12/c. 180) and Rhinantheae (15/340-510) absent in Brazil, tribes that together possess three genera in from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile (Aphyllon, Euphrasia and Neobartsia).
BIGNONIACEAE ‣ six tribes of Bignoniaceae occur in South America, three unknown in Brazil: Tourretieae (2/4, Mexico to Argentina), Tecomeae (11/72, North America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Mexico to Nicaragua, Peru to Argentina and Chile, with T. stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth up to Mexico) and Delostomeae (1/4, Venezuela to Peru).
VERBENACEAE ‣ nine lineages there are in this family, 7 in Brazil, Rhaphthamneae (1/2) from Argentina and Chile, and Neospartoneae (2/6) from Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.
CAMPANULACEAE ‣ this family has five subfamilies, two in Brazil, two outside South America, and subfamily Ciphocarpoidae (1/3) endemic to Chile.
ASTERACEAE ‣ 33 lineages in South America, 29 at tribe level among 4 subfamilies, and 4 small subfamilies; five are unknown in Brazil, namely subfamily Famatinanthoideae (1/1) endemic to Argentina; Gochnatia clade (1/13) exclusive from Ecuador to Argentina and Chile; tribe Abrotenalloideae (1/20) with 7 spp of Abrotanella from Argentina and Chile; tribe Atroismeae (9/80-85) with Centipeda elatinoides (Less) Benht & Hook restricted for Neuquen province of Argentina and S Chile; and tribe Madieae (34/215-220), with (3/)4 species in Argentina and Chile.
APIACEAE ‣ all 5 major clades of Apiaceae in South America occur in Brazil, the majority however with a minimal amount of representative genera. The large family groups non-native in Brazil are the tribe-level Diposis clade (3, Chile to Uruguay) and Asteriscium clade (six genera, 1 in Oceania and 5 from Ecuador to Argentina) both among Azorelloideae, and the subtribe-level Arracacia clade (15 genera, 8 from Venezuela to Bolivia, 41 spp. in continent).
Below, a brief analysis of 127 genera and their subgroups, with an emphasis on their distribution in Brazil. Other genera are already being analyzed and will have their analysis briefly cited here. The numbers in each subgroup are based on the original publications and do not necessarily reflect the increase in the number of species from other sources or since then.
In this text, we use the notation 'subgen' to indicate the relationship between a genus and one of its subgenera, and 'sect' to indicate the relationship between a genus and one of its sections. For infrageneric clades that are not formally recognized as either subgenera or sections, we use the notation A\B.
11 of these genera does not occur in Brazil: Sedum (Crassulaceae), Juglans (Juglandaceae), Quercus (Fagaceae), Cistanthe (Montiaceae), Montia (Montiaceae), Montiopsis (Montiaceae), Cobaea (Polemoniaceae), Saurauia (Actinidiaceae), Erythranthe (Phrymaceae), Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) and Sanicula (Apiaceae).
15 of this genera has a single infralineage in South America which does not occur in Brazil (total species and distribution on the continent): Asemeia subgen Apopetala (1, Suriname), Carex subgen Eutryceras (1, Chile and Argentina), Chusquea subgen Platonia (11, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), Drosera sect Meristocaulis (1, Venezuela), Dysphania sect Incisa (1, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru), Gossypium subgen Houzingia (2, Ecuador, Peru), Herrania sect Herrania (1-3, Colombia, Venezuela), Ipomoea\NWC Clade D (1, Ecuador), Oxalis subgen Trifidus (2, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile), Parathesis subgen Latheralis (few informations), Piper cinereum | P. auritum clade (2, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana), Pleurophora subgen Pleurophora (5, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina), Senega subgen Monninopsis (2, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina), Sida sect Oligandrae (4, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia), Solanum\Regmandra Clade (11, Peru and Chile).
Genera with all unbrazilian infralineages with a Brazilian disjunct contrapositive lineage (total species and distribution on the continent): Begonia sect Barya (2, Ecuador and Peru), Begonia sect Australes (20, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru), Begonia sect Gobenia (16, Colombia to Peru), Begonia sect Hidristyles (11, Colombia, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia), Begonia sect Eupetalum (16, Venezuela to Argentina), Begonia sect Microtuberosa (1, Peru), Begonia sect Pilderia (6, Guyana to Peru and Trinidad e Tobago), Begonia sect Semibegoniella (15, Colombia and Ecuador), Begonia sect Warburginna (1, Bolivia), Begonia sect Gireoudia (111, Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela), Begonia sect Casparia (28, Costa Rica to Peru), Begonia sect Ruizopavonia (32, Mexico to Bolivia), Croton sect Olivacei (1, Ecuador and Peru), Cattleya subgen Maximae (1, Venezuela to Peru), Cnidoscolus sect Calyptrosolen (Venezuela to Ecuador), Croton sect Cupreti (1, Colombia and Ecuador) and Croton sect Drepanii (1, Colombia and Venezuela), Euphorbia sect Portulacastrum (2, Chile and Bolivia), Euphorbia sect Lactifluae (1, Chile), Euphorbia sect Crepidaria (1, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana), Euphorbia sect Euphorbiastrum (6, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru to S Mexico and Caribbean), Fuchsia sect Fuchsia (61, tropical Andes, Hispaniola), Gunnera sect Misandra (2, Colombia to Tierra del Fuego), Harrisia sect Roseocereus (1, Bolivia), Manihot sect Anisophyllae (2, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay), Manihot sect Carthaginensis (2, N Venezuela to N Colombia), Phyllanthus sect Oxalistylis (1, Venezuela to Peru) and Zephyranthes subgen Myostemma (17, Argentina and Chile).
Nine genera has 2-4 lineages without a Brazilian disjunct contrapositive lineages (total species and distribution on the continent): Bomarea subgen Baccata (5, Panama to N Colombia in South America), Bomarea subgen Wichuraea (18, high Andes), Bomarea subgen Sphaerine (12, Venezuela to Bolivia), Citharexylum subgen Citharexylum (5, Venezuela, Colombia), Fuchsia sect Hemsleyella (14, tropical Andes), Fuchsia sect Kierschlegelia (1, Chile), Heliotropium\Heliothamnus (11, Chile and Peru), Heliotropium\Cochranea (17, Andes from Colombia to Chile), Passiflora subgen Astrophea sect Astrophea (Colombia to Peru), Passiflora subgen Decaloba sect Hahniopathanthus (5, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela), Passiflora subgen Passiflora sect Tacsonia (62-64, Venezuela to Bolivia), Plantago subgen Bouguiera (1, Peru to Argentina), Plantago subgen Coronopus (1, Chile and Argentina), Sisyrinchium sect Echthronema (1-7, Peru and Bolivia), Sisyrinchium sect Hydastylus (1-6, W South America and Hawaii), Sisyrinchium sect Segetia (1-6, Colombia to Cono Sur), Sisyrinchium sect Spathirhachis (1-9, Peru, Chile and Argentina), Stelis sect Physosiphon (6, Colombia to Bolivia), Stelis sect Condylago (2, Panama and Colombia), Stelis sect Uncifera (42, Mexico to Bolivia), and Stelis sect Dracontia (40, Mexico to Andes).
10 genera have a large number of lineages strongly absent in Brazil: Anthurium (Araceae), Poa (Poaceae), Berberis (Berberidaceae), Viola (Violaceae), Tropaeolum (Tropaeolaceae), Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae), Hypericum (Hypericaceae), Meriania (Melastomataceae), Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) and Nicotiana (Solanaceae).
NYMPHAEANAE
Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae, Borsch et al, International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2007 | Jakob, Book, 2007) ‣ six subgenera, namely subgen Anecphya (9, Australia), subgen Brachyceras (20, incuding N. ampla (Salisb.) DC., N. elegans Hook. and N. pulchella DC. in South America, only the third in Brazil), subgen Confluentes (7, tropical areas of Australasia), subgen Hydrocallis (21, all in South America, 19 in Brazil, six endemic), subgenLotus (4, Africa, Philippines and in a hot springs in Romania and Hungary) and subgen Nymphaea (6, Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand and Asia). Victoria-Adventure (SEE) provides a complete list of species by clade.
MAGNOLIANAE
Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) ‣ all the South American species belong to subgen Aristolochia sect Gymnolobus subsect Hexandrae, with three sections, all in Brazil (Freitas et al., Phytotaxa, 2025 | González, Brittonia, 1998).
Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) ‣ three sections of this genus occur in the New World (Pérez et al., Phytotaxa, 2016), namely sect Macrophylla (6, USA and Mexico), sect Magnolia (27, USA to America Central and Cuba) and sect Talauma, this arriving in South America, with 4 subsections, namely subsect Chocotalauma (6, 3 in Colombia and 3 in Ecuador), subsect Cubenses (10, Caribbean), subsect Dugandiodendron (22, E Venezuelan and Andes from Colombia to Peru) and subsect Talauma (Mexico to the south of Brazil, including 35 species in South America). Only Magnolia sect Talauma subsect Talauma occur in Brazil (4, 3 endemic).
Mollinedia (Monimiaceae) ‣ two sections in this genus (Peixoto, Rodriguesia, 1979), namely sect Appendiculatae (〜38, over range of genus) and sect Exappendiculatae (〜24, Colombia, Peru and SE Brazil).
Persea (Lauraceae) ‣ two subgenera, namely subgen Persea (2, P. americana L. and P. albida Kosterm.) from Mexico to Panama, and subgen Eriodaphne, with all other species, incuding all South American species (Campos Rojas et al., Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2007).
Peperomia (Piperaceae) ‣ modern analyzes (Wanke, Plant Biology, 2006) indicate a arrangement with 8 distinct lineages, of which Brazilian members are confirmed for all clades except clade A.
Piper (Piperaceae) ‣ three main lineages namely Neotropical, Asian, and South Pacific. These main lineages comprise ten major clades. Neotropical lineage can be subdivided in to eight clades, all occurring in Brazil except clade Piper cinereum/Piper aurita clade, with two species, from Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname and French Guiana (Jaramillo et al., Systematic Botany, 2008).
LILIANAE
Adelonema (Araceae, Wong, Systematic Botany, 2016) ‣ two sections, namely sect Adelonema (10, only one in Brazil) and sect Crumenaria (6, 3 in Brazil).
Anthurium (Araceae) ‣ 18 sections accepted here (Croat, Aroideana, 1983 | TB Croat, J.Lingán, & D.Hayworth, Rodriguésia, 2005 | Temporini, Thesis, 2006 | Carlsen & Croat, Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden, 2019 | Croat, MOBOT, 2017).
Polyphyllium Clade
sect Polyphyllium (2) - composed by A. flexile Schott and and A. clidemioides Standley, Mexico to Colombia. Most basal member of genus.
U2D Clade
sect Urospadix (60, including Chamaerepium) - a huge radiation, endemic to E Brazil.
subclade 2 - Pachyneurium pro parte, possibly absent in Brazil.
sect Dactylophyllium (25, 24 HERE, one added HERE)- tropical America, 10 in Colombia, 7 in Brazil.
Core Clade
sect Andiphilum (25) - mainly America Central.
sect Calomystrium (184).
sect Leptanthurium (1) - monotpic, A. gracile (Rudge) Schott, over tropical America.
sect Tetraspermuim (35) - scandent hersb, over tropical America.
sect Belolonchium (220).
sect Cardiolonchium (175).
sect Decurrentia (45) - America Central to N Brazil.
sect Digitinervium (41) - Costa Rica to tropical Andes.
sect Gymnopodium (1) - monotypic endemic to Cuba.
sect Multinervia (16).
sect Pachyneurium (156, includes several species formerly placed in sect Urospadix) - birds’s nestings, over tropical America.
sect Polyneurium - tropical America.
sect Porphyrochitonium (375) - a large group from Costa Rica to Ecuador, mainly in Colombia, only A. bakeri Hook.f. in Brazil (SEE).
sect Semaeophyllium (23) - Nicaragua to Peru (Carlsen & Croat, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2007).
sect Xialophyllium (108) - tropical America.
Philodendron (Araceae) ‣ after the emancipation of Thaumatophyllum (Sakuragui et al., PhytoKeys, 2018), Philodendron was limited to two subgenera, namely subgen Philodendron (430, the bulk of genus) and subgen Pteromischum (75, two centers of diversity, one in America Central and another in West Amazonia, but is poorly represented in extra-Amazonian South America, only 8 spp. occur in Atlantic Forest in Brazil | Calazans & Saguraki, Phytotaxa, 2013).
Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) ‣ 11 major clades belongs in genus (Noda & al., Acta Phytotaxa, 2020 | S.Couto et al., Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2018), with New World members falling in three of them (NWI, NWII and NWIII) in erected subgen Helmia.
NWI corresponding to former subgen Dioscorea, restricted to the Neotropics, with three small sections, namely sect Epipetrum, sect Microdioscorea and sect Nanarepenta; NWII corresponding to members of subgen Helmia restricted to the Neotropics. D. dodecaneura Vell., D. stegelmanniana R.Knuth, and species representatives of sect Rajania, form the NWIII.
Only one species with Neotropical occurrence appears in this analysis outside the three clades mentioned above, D. mollis Kunth (endemic to Brazil), from sect Opsophyton, belonging a almost exclusively Old World section with 5-6 spp. (Flora of China).
Thismia (Burmanniaceae) ‣ two subgenera in this genus (Kumar et al., Phytotaxa, 2017), namely subgen Thismia (44) from the Old World and one in USA; and subgen Ophiomeris (23) in three sections, namely sect Ophiomeris (15, endemic in Brazil (8), Colombia (2), French Guiana (1), 4 in Brazil up to other countries), sect Myostoma (1, T. hyalina (Miers) Benth. & Hook.f. ex F.Muell., Brazil and Peru) and sect Pyramidalis (7, all in Brazil, 5 endemic and two up to Bolivia and Ecuador).
Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) ‣ four subgenera belongs this genus (Hofreiter, Systematic Botany, 2008) namely subgen Baccata (5, Panama to N Colombia in South America), subgen Bomarea (80, all range of genus, including the single Brazilian species), subgen Wichuraea (18, high Andes) and subgen Sphaerine (12, Venezuela to Bolivia).
Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) ‣ formed by 10 sections (Inácio & al., Taxon, 2017), namely sect Cephalanthum (〜20, Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur), sect Echthronema (7, W North America to Colombia, Peru and Bolivia), sect Hydastylus (6, North America, America Central, W South America and Hawaii), sect Morphanthus (2, North America to Argentina), sect Rhizilineum (3, widely in New World), sect Segetia (6, W South America), sect Sisyrinchium (〜60, North and S South America and S Brazil), sect Spathirhachis (9, Peru, Chile and Argentina), sect Trichoparcus (6, Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur) and sect Viperella (〜24, Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur).
Griffinia (Amaryllidaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Meerow et al., Article, 2002), subgen Griffinia (17, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro states, also Bahia and Pernambuco states) and subgen Hyline (2, NE Brazil to WC region).
Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) ‣ two subgenera (García et al., Taxon, 2019), subgen Hippeastrum (〜80) from over range of genus, and subgen Tocantinia (3) from C Brazil.
Zephyranthes (Amaryllidaceae) ‣ five subgenera, namely subgen Habranthus (3, Argentina, Uruguay and S Brazil), subgen Eithea (2, endemic to Brazil), subgen Zephyranthes (139, over distribution of genus), subgen Neorhodophiala (1, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and S Brazil) and subgen Myostemma (17, Argentina and Chile) - García et al. (Taxon, 2019).
Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) ‣ all New World species of this genus belongs a monophyletic lineage (Smidt & al., Taxon, 2011), and are divided in six sections, all in Brazil, with sect Napelii near endemic to country.
Cattleya (Orchidaceae) ‣ 4 subgenera (Van Den Berg, Phytotaxa, 2014), subgen Cattleya (91) with three sections (sect Cattleya (17) and sect Crispae (71) in over South America, and sect Lawrenceanae (3) in N Brazil and Venezuela); subgen Cattleyella (1, S Pará to Tocantins state, in C Brazil), subgen Intermediae (21, over South America, mainly Brazil) and subgen Maximae (1, Venezuela to Peru, unknown in Brazil).
Campylocentrum (Orchidaceae) ‣ 5 sections in this genus (M.Pessoa et al., Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2018), all native from Brazil, with sect Teretifolium full endemic to country.
Pabstiella (Orchidaceae) ‣ 10 sections occur in this genus (Gutiérrez Morales et al., Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2020), mainly endemic to Atlantic Forest in Brazil.
Stelis (Orchidaceae) ‣ ten subgenera in this genus (Karremans, Lankesteriana, 2019), six in Brazil and 4 absent, namely sect Physosiphon (6, Mexico to Bolivia), sect Condylago (2, Panama and Colombia), sect Uncifera (42, Mexico to Bolivia) and sect Dracontia (40, Mexico to Andes).
Pontederia (Pontederiaceae) ‣ five subgenera occur in this genus (Marco O. O. Pellegrini et al., PhytoKeys, 2018) The four South American subgenera occur in Brazil (none endemic), plus subgen Monochoria (10) occur only in Old World.
Tradescantia (Commelinaceae) ‣ five subgenera occur in this genus (Pellegrini, PhytoKeys, 2017), two only from Canada to Mexico, two widespread in New World (both in Brazil, with only one species each in country), and subgen Austrotradescantia restricted for southern half of South America (15, 14 in Brazil, 10 endemic).
Xyris (Xyridaceae) ‣ three sections worldwide (Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2021), namely sect Nematopus (〜250, mainly in South America, basal or central placentation), sect Pomatoxyris (22, restricted to Australia, axillary placentation), and sect Xyris (〜140, pantropical, parietal placentation).
Carex (Cyperaceae) ‣ six subgenera worldwide (Roalson et al, Journal of Systematic and Evolution, 2021), with subgen Carex, subgen Psyllophorae, subgen Uncinia and subgen Vignea native in Brazil, subgen Euthyceras (124) only in northern Hemisphere except C. arctogea Harry Sm. disjunct in Argentina and Chile (some specie also in New Zealand), and subgen Soderostrica (30) being restricted from E Asia.
Chusquea (Poaceae) ‣ five subgenera, 6 sections and 5 groups in this genus (Fisher et al., Systematic Botany, 2014), all from Brazil except four sections within subgen Chusquea (sect Longifoliae, sect Longiprophyllae, sect Serpentes and sect Verticillatae), C. culeou group in subgen Swallenochloa (southern Andes, 0–2,000m), and subgen Platonia (Colombia to Ecuador).
Poa (Poaceae) ‣ five subgenera belongs this genus (Soreng et al, Aarhus, 2010 | Poa in Flora of China, SEE | Giussani et al., Annals of Botany, 2016), namely subgen Ochlopoa (sect Alpinae and sect Parodiochloa in New World), subgen Pseudopoa, subgen Poa (sect Macropoa, sect Homalopoa and sect Poa in New World), subgen Stenopoa (sect Pandemos, sect Secundae and sect Stenopoa in New World) and subgen Sylvestres (native in New World). Sections absent in South America are sect Pseudopoa (5, NE Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe) and sect Sylvestres (endemic to North America).
Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) ‣ all four New World subgenera occur in Brazil — the fifth is subgen Heliconiopsis, restricted of Melanesia (Kress, Acta Botanica Brasilica, 1990).
RANUNCULEAE
Berberis (Berberidaceae) ‣ 132 spp. in South America, all within Australes group, a taxa endemic to continent, in 16 sections (Adhikari & al., Taxon, 2015), only three in Brazil: sect Buxifoliae, sect Ilicifoliae and sect Laurinae. 4 sections are exclusive to Argentina and Chile, but the two largest (25 and 22 species) are from the tropical Andes. Only Chile has an endemic section (sect Corymbosae, 4).
MYROTHAMNEAE
Gunnera (Gunneraceae) ‣ six sections (HP et al., The Families and Genera of Flowering Plants, 2007), namely sect Gunnera (1, Africa and Madagascar) sect Pseudogunnera (1, SE Asia to New Guinea), sect Milligania (6, one in Tasmania and remaining in New Zealand), sect Panke (43, neotropical, 2 in Hawaii, incuding G. manicata Linden ex André endemic to Brazil), sect Misandra (2, Andean region), and sect Ostenigunnera (1, G. herteri Osten, from the extreme south of Brazil and Uruguay).
SAXIFRAGANAE
Sedum (Crassulaceae) ‣ a chaotic genus with two major groups (Messerschmid & al., Taxon, 2020), Leucosedum clade (200, Sedeae pro parte, incuding Pistorinia, Rosularia, Prometheum, Afrovivella, Sedella, Dudleya, Sedum pro parte) and Acre clade (550, Sedeae pro parte, Cremnophila, Echeveria, Graptopetalum, Lenophyllum, Pachyphytum, Thompsonella, Villadia, Sedum pro parte).
ROSANAE
Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) ‣ 4 subgenera in this genus (López et al., Phytotaxa, 2013), namely subgen Oxalis (19 sections, many species in Brazil), subgen Thamnoxys (73, 9 sections | MC Abreu, MJ Silva & MF Sales, Rodriguésia, 2012, centered in Brazil, subsections several non-monophyletic, SEE), subgen Monoxalis (2, O. dichondrifolia A.Gray and O. robusta (Rose ex Small) R. Knuth, from Mexico and USA | David H. Lorence & Warren L. Wagner, PhytoKeys, 2011, p06) and subgen Trifidus (2, O. sleumeri Lourteig and O. tacorensis Burtt, from N Chile, NW Argentina and SW Bolivia).
Elvasia (Ochnaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Fraga & Saavedra, Novon, 2006), namely subgen Hostmannia (9-10, circum-Amazonian distribution, one up to America Central) and subgen Elvasia (4-5, concentrated in the Amazon rainforest) — E. brevipedicellata Ule uncertainly placed in the current subgeneric classification.
Salvagesia (Ochnaceae) ‣ two sections, one of then divided into two subsections, namely sect Sauvagesia with subsect Sauvagesia and subsect Vellozianae, both in Brazil; and the sect Imthurnianae (3) from Colombia to Guianas and N Brazil (S.Nozawa et al., Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 2010 | Sastre, Bulletin du Jardin botanique National de Belgique, 1981).
Hypericum (Hypericaceae) ‣ two subgenera worldwide (Robinson, Phytotaxa, 2016), subgen Brathys with three sections: sect Myriandra (30, E North America, Mexico, Caribbean, Bahamas, Bermuda), sect Brathys (88, Andes S to Peru & Bolivia, C & E North America) and sect Trigynobrathys (59, New World, E & S Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, tropical & S Africa); and subgen Hypericum (27 sections, Old World and six from North America up to America Central, one endemic to Mexico).
Vismia (Hypericaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Diel, Dissertation, 2021 | Marcussen et al (Systematic Biology, 2015), subgen Vismia for New World species (54), and subgen Afrovismia for African species (7).
Amorimia (Malpighiceae, Almeida, Hoehnea, 2018) ‣ 15 spp. in two subgenera, namely subgen Amorimia (8, all in Brazil and endemic except by A. exotropica (Griseb.) W.R.Anderson up to E Paraguay) and subgen Uncinae (7, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru one endemic each, one in N Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, and remaining three endemic to Brazil).
Diacidia (Malpighiaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Malpighiaceae Genera), namely subgen Sipapoa (10, S Venezuela and adjacent Brazil) and subgen Diacidia (only D. galphimioides Griseb., widely distributed in the drainages of Río Negro and Río Vaupés in Venezuela, Colombia, and Amazonas state in N Brazil).
Heteropterys (Malpighiaceae) ‣ this genus has two subgenus, four sections and six subsections (Sebastini et al., Hoehnea, 2010 | Amorim et al., Peerj, 2022), all these clades in Brazil.
Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae) ‣ two subgenera in this genus (Anderson, Blumea, 2011), namely subgen Stigmaphyllon (94, mostly twining woody vines or rarely shrubs native to the Neotropics from southern S Mexico to northern Argentina, S. bannisterioides (L.) C.E.Anderson. is also found in coast of W Africa in Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone), and subgen Ryssopterys (21, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Sunda Islands except Borneo and Sumatra, New Guinea, Queensland in Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and Philippines.
Rinorea (Violaceae) ‣ neotropical species of Rinorea falls in two sections (Wahlert et al., Brittonia, 2017), sect Rinorea (13, Panama to South America) and sect Pubiflora (32, Mexico to America).
Viola (Vioaceae) ‣ 664 species accepted into two subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections (Marcussen et al., Plants, 2022) — subgen Neoandinium has 139 spp. in 11 sections, 7 only from Argentina and Chile, sect Inconspicuiflos (8) is endemic to Peru, and three remainig widely in W South America; subgen Viola has 20 sections, of which 7 occur in South America, namely sect Chilenium (2, Colombia to Patagonia), sect Leptidium (18, Mexico to Bolivia, Lesser Antilles, SE Brazil), sect Nosphinium subsect Mexicanae (10, Mexico to Ecuador), sect Rubellium (3, endemic to C Chile), sect Tridens (1, Chile and Argentina), sect Viola subsect Rostratae (51, north-temperate, except for V. huidobrii Gay in Argentina and Chile, and one in New Guinea), and sect Xanthidium (2, Peru to N Argentina).
Dilkea (Passifloraceae) ‣ two subgenera (subgen Epkia and subgen Dilkea, by Feuillet, PhytoKeys, 2011), with six spp. each, both from Brazil.
Turnera (Passifloraceae) ‣ 11 series occur in this genus (Rocha & al., Taxon, 2019), all in Brazil, two endemic (series Papilliferae and series Sessilifoliae).
Passiflora (Passifloraceae) ‣ 5 subgenera (Feuillet & MacDougal, Passiflora, 2003 | Krosnick et al., Systematic Botany, 2009), subdivided into various categories.
subgen Astrophea (62), in five sections, all from Brazil except sect Astrophea (Colombia to Peru, giant Passiflora). For Brazil, see Pires et al.(Phytotaxa, 2020).
subgen Decaloba (230), in 8 subsections, 5 in Brazil and three unknwon, namely sect Disemma (all 21 Old World members in subgenus Decaloba), sect Hahniopathanthus (5, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela) and sect Pterosperma (4, Mexico to Panama). For details in Brazil, see Milward-de-Azevedo (Diversidade e Gestão, 2018).
subgen Deidamioides (13), in five sections, two unknown in Brazil, sect Mayapathanthus (2, Mexico to Costa Rica) and sect Tryphostemmatoides (4, Nicaragua to Ecuador, sometimes placed as fully subgenus | Ocampo et al., Phytotaxa, 2019).
subgen Passiflora (253), in six supersections, only one unknown in Brazil, supersect Tacsonia (〜64, Andes | Stefan, Souto-Vilarós & Renner, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 2004).
subgen Tetrapathea (3), known from Australia to New Zealand.
Moeroris (Phyllanthaceae) ‣ genus currently divided in three subgenera (Bouman et al., Phytotaxa, 2022), namely subgen Moeroris (179, 154 in Old World, 15 endemic to Caribbean, 10 in mainland tropical America, six in Brazil), subgen Swartziani (4, one in North America, and 3 in Africa) and subgen Tenellanthus (16, Old World).
Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) ‣ genus currently divided into two non-subgenus placement (both from Caribbean), 5 subgenera (all in Brazil), with subgen Ciccastrum (2) endemic to country (Bouman et al., Phytotaxa, 2022). Among the 19 sections from subgen Phyllanthus and subgen Xylophylla, 9 are unknown in Brazil (8 in Caribbean and sect Oxalistylis monotypic from Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela), two are fully endemic (sect Chorethropsis and sect Diplocicca) and one near endemic (sect Antipodanthus).
Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ genus with 8 sections (Maya-Lastra & Steinmann, Taxon, 2018), among sect Gramnifolius and sect Oligandrae endemic to Brazil; two from Brazil up to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru; sect Acrandrae and sect Pachyandrae are endemic to Caribbean; one widely distributed; and sect Calyptrosolen (20), mainly in Mexico and America Central, but with a few species in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela (unique unknown in Brazil).
Croton (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 31 sections in the New World (Van Ee & al., Taxon, 2011), 22 in South America, of which three are absent from Brazil namely sect Olivacei (1, Ecuador and Peru), sect Cupreati (1, Colombia and Ecuador) and sect Drepanii (6, only C. costatus (weed) in South America, on the coast of Colombia and Venezuela). 5 sections are endemic to Brazil (Cordifolii, Eutropia, Luetzelburgiorum, Prisci and Quadrilobi).
Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ a large and high morphological diverse genus with 4 subgenera and 64 sections, only 18 in New World, 10 in Brazil.
subgen Athymalus (148) ‣ 7 sections (Peirson et al., Taxon, 2013), of which sect Crotonoides and sect Anthacanthae are restrcted from tropical Africa; sect Antso is endemic to Madagascar; sect Pseudacalypha, sect Lyciopsis and sect Somalica extends up to Arabian peninsula; and sect Balsamis occur from Asia to S Arabian Peninsula, Socotra, as well as in West Africa and the Canary Islands.
subgen Chamaescyse (〜574) ‣ 15 sections (Yang. & al., Taxon, 2012), sections Articulofruticosae, Gueinziae, Espinosae, Scatorhizae and Tenellae are exclusive from mainland Africa; sections Bosseriae, Denisiae and Plagianthae are endemic to Madagascar; sections Frondosae and Cheirolepidium occur from Africa to Arabian region and C Asia; sect Eremophyton occur only in Australia, New Caledonia and Vanuatu (endemic sections occur only in South Africa and Madagascar). The four remaining sections occur in New World, with sect Alectoroctonum and sect Poinsettia from North to South America and Caribbean (3 and 2 spp. in Brazil, respectively), sect Crossadenia (12) endemic to Brazil except one species in Bolivia, and sect Anisophyllum cosmopolitan, with 30 species in Brazil.
subgen Esula (457) ‣ 21 sections (Riina et al., Taxon, 2013), several sections exclusive from Europe to China, Thailand and Japan, India and northern Africa (Arvales, Biumbellatae, Calyptratae, Chylogala, Guyonianae, Herpetorrhizae, Holophyllum, Lagascae, Myrsiniteae, Pachycladae, Patellares, Sclerocyathium and Szovitsiae, totaling 149 spp.); sections Aphyllis and Exiguae extends up to Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius; the monotypic sect Lathyris is found mostly in cultivation or near human settlements, widely distributed by humans and found in temperate or subtropical regions worldwide; sect Esula ranges up to Africa, Madagascar, Réunion, Indonesia (Java), New Zealand, and Samoa.
The three New World sections all also occur in this center area, with sect Helioscopia with 26 species in New World, including two in South America (E. philippiana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. from Chile and E. spathulata Lam. disjunct from Canada to Mexico, and S Brazil, NE Argentina and Uruguay); sect Paralias has E. trichotoma Kunth as outlier in S Florida, SE Mexico to Belize, Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands; sect Tithymalus (35) has 7 native to Old World, E. peplus L. presumably native to the Mediterranean region but is now widespread worldwide, and the remaining species are native to the New World from USA, Canada, Mexico, America Central and Hispaniola.
subgen Euphorbia (661) ‣ 21 sections (Dorsey et al., Taxon, 2013), with sections Monadenium, Rubellae and Tirucalli are exclusive from tropical Africa with the last up to Arabian Peninsula; sections Denisophorbia, Goniostema, Deuterocalli, Pachysanthae and Pervilleanae occur only in Madagascar up to Mayotte and Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Mauritius; sect Euphorbia is widespread across most of Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and in southern Asia from Pakistan to Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea; sect Pacificae occur in Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, and Pacific Islands (Norfolk Island, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Hawaii).
11 occur in New World, six very restricted from Mexico (sect Calyculatae and sect Tanquahuete), Caribbean (sect Cubanthus), Bolivia and Chile (sect Portulacastrum and sect Lactifluae) and Brazil (sect Brasilienses); sections Mesophyllae and Stachydium are small exclusively from tropical America with 1-2 sp. in Brazil each; sect Euphorbiastrum occur in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru to S Mexico and Caribbean, and sect Nummulariopsis in SE USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay; sect Crepidaria occur over in Caribbean Basin, unknown in Brazil.
Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 19 sections (Rogers and Appan, (Flora Neotropica, 1973), 14 in Brazil (Brevipetiolatae, Glazioviinae, Grandibracteatae, Quinquelobae and Stipularis endemic to Brazil, totaling 33 species; Caerulescentes, Crotalaria, Graciles, Peltata, Tripartita and Variifoliae from Brazil to Paraguay and/or Bolivia and/or Argentina, totaling 21 species; Heterophyllae, Peruviana and Sinuatae from Brazil up to N South America, totaling 11 species), and 4 absent to Brazil, namely sect Anisophyllae (2, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay), sect Carthaginensis (2, N Venezuela to N Colombia), sect Foetidae (6, endemic to Mexico) and sect Parvibracteatae (11, Arizona in USA to Panama); and sect Manihot, composed by one with a single cultigen species, M. esculenta Cranz., possibly native from C Brazil.
Asemeia (Polygalaceae) ‣ two subgenera (JFB Pastore & JR Abbott, Kew Bulletin, 2012), namely subgen Asemeia (28, South and America Central, except for A. grandiflora (Walter) Small from North and America Central and the Caribbean) and subgen Apopetala (7, mainly America Central and Mexico, with A. echinosperma (Görts) J.F. B. Pastore & J.R.Abbott, endemic to Suriname).
Senega (Polygalaceae) ‣ three subgenera (Pastore et al., Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2023), namely subgen Clinclinia (26, endemic to Argentina and/or Chile, but with two species, S. aspalatha (L.) J.F.B.Pastore & Agust.Martinez and S. cyparissias (A.St.-Hil. & Moq.) J.F.B.Pastore & Agust.Martinez, also occurring in Brazil), subgen Monninopsis (9, occurring mainly in Mexico and the adjacent USA, S. argentinensis (Chodat) J.F.B.Pastore & Agust.Martinez and S. darwiniana (A.W.Benn.) J.F.B.Pastore & Agust.Martinez in Bolivia and Cono Sur); and subgen Senega (〜175, with most of them in the Americas, but with 9 native to Africa, and with S. paniculata (L.) J.F.B.Pastore & J.R.Abbott naturalized around the Paleotropics).
Bauhinia (Fabaceae) ‣ only subgen Bauhinia occur in New World (Wunderlin et al., Biolgiske Skrifter Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1987 | Wunderlin, Phytoneuron, 2010), divided in nine sections, only three in New World namely sect Pauletia (〜70, tropical America and two in S Asia, China, and Malesian Area), sect Bauhinia (17, Mexico, adjacent USA, northern America Central, Caribbean, and NE Brazil), and sect Amaria (〜15, northern South America to Mexico).
Harpalyce (Fabaceae) ‣ three disjunct sections (São Mateus, Thesis, 2018), namely sect Cubensis (17, endemic to Cuba), sect Brasilianae (12, estricted to C Brazil, one up to Bolivia), and sect Harpalyce (9, restricted for Mexico and Mesoamerica).
Chamaecrista (Fabaceae) ‣ 4 sections (Souza et al., Phytotaxa, 2022 | (Souza et al., Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2021), namely sect Apoucouita (near endemic to Brazil), sect Baseophyllum (near endemic to Brazil, highly disjunct in Brazil and Cuba), sect Chamaecrista and sect Absus — these with three subsections (Absus, Viscosa and Zygophyllum). All sections have endemic species in Brazil.
Calliandra (Fabaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Souza & al., Taxon, 2013 | Thulin (Phytotaxa, 2023), namely subgen Afrocalliandra in Africa, and subgen Calliandra in New World, along six sections, four in Brazil (sect Monticola (37) is endemic to E Brazil, and sect Tsugoides (4) restricted from N South Amerca), sect Calliandra (10, Mexico, Guatemala and Caribbean) and sect Septentrionalis (6, USA to Mexico).
Mimosa (Fabaceae) ‣ five sections (Barneby, Sensivae Censitea, 1991), all occur in Brazil, along 41 series (some absent in Brazil), three of these subgenera mainly restricteds for South America.
Dorstenia (Moraceae) ‣ Carauta (Rodriguésia, 1978) divides South American species of this genus fall in 4 sections, namely sect Dorstenia (7), sect Emygdioa (10), sect Lecania (23, endemic to E Brazil) and sect Sychinia (4, endemic to SE Brazil) — however, a recent work falls all New World taxa in the restrited sect Dorstenia (Vianna-Filho MDM et al., Rodriguésia, 2021).
Ficus (Moraceae) ‣ six subgenera (Clement et al., Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2020), subgen Ficus (Malesian region and mainland Asia), subgen Pharmacosycea (New World, Pacific to West Africa), subgen Sycidium (West Africa to Pacific region), subgen Synoecia (New World, Pacific to West Africa), subgen Sycomorus (West Africa to Pacific region) and subgen Urostigma (New World, Pacific to West Africa).
Juglans (Juglandaceae) ‣ 4 sections worldwide (Mallikarjuna, Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2006), namely sect Trachycaryon monotypic endemic to E North America; sect Juglans with J. regia L. from Europe to China and the Himalayas, and J. sigillata Dode endemic to China; sect Cardiocaryon with three spp. from China, Japan and Korea; and sect Rhysocaryon (16), the black walnuts, endemic to the New World and includes nine North American, three American Central and all four South American taxa.
Quercus (Fagaceae) ‣ two subgenera (subgen Quercus with 5 sections, all in New World, and subgen Cerris with 3 sections, only the first in New World). South American member Q. humboldtii Bonpl. belongs subgen Quercus sect Lobatae, a high clade with 120 species exclusively from New World (Denk et al, Tree Physiology, 2007).
Apodanthera (Cucurbitaceae) ‣ three sections in this genus (Lima, Thesis, 2020) namely sect Apodanthera (20, Ecuador to Cono Sur and S Brazil), sect Pseudoapodanthera (6, NE Brazil) and sect Cucurbitopsis (6, USA to Mexico).
Begonia (Begoniaceae) ‣ Moonlight et al. (Taxon, 2018) monographed the genus classification, and defined 70 sections (82 spp. not are assignated in any secton), with 33 of them in the New World (all exclusive), joined with 652 spp. in Western Hemisphere.
sect Parietoplacentaria (3, Mexico to Panama), sect Urniformia (1, Guatemala to Panama) and sect Quadriperigonia (20, Mexico to Honduras) totaling 24 spp. and do not occur in South America.
sect Barya (2, Ecuador and Peru), sect Australes (20, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru), sect Gobenia (16 Colombia to Peru), sect Hidristyles (11, Colombia, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia), sect Eupetalum (16, Venezuela to Argentina), sect Microtuberosa (1, Peru), sect Pilderia (6, Guyana to Peru and Trinidad e Tobago), sect Semibegoniella (15, Colombia and Ecuador) and Warburginna (1, Bolivia), totaling 88 spp., and are restricted to South America but do not occur in Brazil.
sect Astrothrix (5, Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states), sect Gaerdtia (8, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), sect Kollmannia (2, Espirito Santo state), sect Latistigma (5, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), sect Pereirae (5, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), sect Solananthera (3, E Brazil), sect Stellandrae (1, São Paulo), sect Tetrachia (16, E Brazil) and sect Trachelocarpus (5, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), totaling 50 spp., and are all endemic to Brazil.
sect Lepsia (8, Panama and tropical South America), sect Pritzelia (148, tropical South America to Costa Rica), sect Rossmannia (1, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) and sect Donaldia (3, over tropical South America) totaling 170 species and occur exclusively in South America (all including Brazil) except for a few that extend as far as Costa Rica.
sect Ephemera (14, over tropical South America), sect Knesbeckia (52, over tropical New World), sect Wageneria (7, over tropical New World) occur from Mesoamerica to Brazil, totaling 73 spp.
sect Gireoudia (111, Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela), sect Casparia (28, Costa Rica to Peru) and sect Ruizopavonia (32, Mexico to Bolivia) occur from Mexico (or Costa Rica) to the Andes and Venezuela (but not in Brazil), totaling 171 spp.
sect Cyathocnemis (18) occurs in Colombia to Bolivia, but 4 spcies from Brazil and Venezuela may belong to this group.
sect Begonia (41) is restricted for the Caribbean, but 5 species quite isolated from E Brazil and Paraguay may belong to this group.
Finally, the sect Doratometra has 8 spp. spread across tropical America, including Begonia wallichiana Lehm. also collected from Vietnan, possibly due to human dispersion.
Geranium (Geraniaceae) ‣ three subgenera (Aedo, Systematic Botany, 2001), namely subgen Robertium (8 sections, absent in South America), subgen Geranium (150 spp. in South America, 3 in Brazil) and subgen Eroidiodeae (4 sections, one in E Africa, two from Europe and adjacent Asia, and sect Brasiliensia (3) from SE & S Brazil and adjacent Uruguay).
Fuchsia (Onagraceae) ‣ nine sections worldwide (Berry, Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden, 1982), namely sect Eclliandra (6, Mexico to America Central), sect Ellobium (3, Mexico to America Central), sect Fuchsia (61, tropical Andes, Hispaniola), sect Hemsleyella (14, tropical Andes), sect Jimenezia (1, Panama and Costa Rica), sect Kierschlegelia (1, endemic to Chile), sect Quelusia (9, 8 from highlands of SE Brazil and F. magellanica Lamarck from S Chile and Argentina), sect Schufia (2, Mexico to America Central) and sect Skinnera (4, New Zealand and Tahiti).
Ludwigia (Onagraceae) ‣ 23 sections (14 monotypic, Wagner, Hoch & Raven, Systematic Botany, 2007), nine - totaling 11 species - are only Old World, mainly in Africa; sect Oligospermum, sect Macrocarpon and sect Seminuda (totaling 18) are mixed Old and New World, all of these from Brazil; sect Ludwigia, sect Isnardia and sect Microcarpium (totaling 23) occur in North America to Caribbean, mainly in E USA; 8 sections are exclusively from New World occur in South America, all in Brazil, with three very restricteds, namely sect Cinerascentes (1, Suriname and N Brazil), sect Amazonia (1, N South America) and sect Anastomosans (1, endemic to Brazil).
Callisthene (Vochysiaceae) ‣ two sections (Gonçalves et al., American Journal of Botany, 2020), both in Brazil, namely sect Callisthene and sect Cataphyllantha.
Erisma (Vochysiaceae) ‣ two sections (Litt & Stevenson, American Journal of Botany, 2003), namely sect Erisma and sect Rixa, both with near a half of species and, consequently, present in Brazil.
Qualea (Vochysiaceae) ‣ this genus has two subgenera (Gonçalves et al., American Journal of Botany, 2020), namely sect Qualea (4 subsections) and sect Amphilochia (no section).
Vochysia (Vochysiaceae) ‣ this genus has three sections (Gonçalves et al., American Journal of Botany, 2020), namely sect Vochysiella (2 subsections), sect Ciliantha (6 subsections) and sect Pachyantha (no subsection).
Meriania (Melastomataceae) ‣ five sections (Chiavegatto & Baumgratz, Systematic Botany, 2015), namely sect Eumerianie (unknown in Brazil), sect Umbellata (unknown in Brazil), sect Pachymeriae (unknown in Brazil), sect Davya (native in Brazil) and sect Adelbertia (native in Brazil).
Pleurophora (Lythraceae) ‣ two subgenera (Siqueira Filho et al., Systematic Botany, 2015), namely subgen Pleurophora (5, arid regions of Bolivia, Chile and Argentina) and subgen Anisotes (3, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay).
Eugenia (Myrtaceae) ‣ New World members falls in nine sections (Mazine et al., Phytotaxa, 2016), all in Brazil but none endemic, some, however, near endemic; Old World members remains pending for conclusive works.
Myrcia (Myrtaceae) ‣ nine sections (Lucas et al., Kew Bulletin, 2018), all in Brazil.
Homalolepis (Simaroubaceae) ‣ two sections (Devecchi, Thesis, 2017), namely sect Homalolepis (15, mainly in the extra-Amazon rainforest part of South America) and sect Grandiflorae (13, South and America Central).
Tropaeolum (Tropaeolaceae) ‣ two sections (Andersson & Andersson, Taxon, 2000), namely sect Tropaeolum (include the formerly recognised sections Bicolora, Dipetala, Mucoronata, Schizotrophaeum, Serratociliata, Tropaeolum, and Umbellata) and sect Chilensia (include the formerly recognised genera Magallana and Trophaeastrum, and the formerly recognised sect Chymocarpus).
Pavonia (Malvaceae) ‣ 5 subgenera, 15 sections and 9 subsections emerges of this genus (Fryxell, Flora Neotropica, 1999)), all in Brazil except subgen Asterochlamys sect Albae (3, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela), subgen Malache sect Collicolae (endemic to Mexico), subgen Malache sect Laminares (endemic to Mexico), and subgen Typhalea sect Diathericae (1, endemic to mangroves in Pacific coast of Colombia). On the other hand, subgen Goetheoides (16) is fully endemic to Brazil.
Sida (Malvaceae) ‣ 11 sections worldwide (Fryxell, Sida, 1985 | Krapovickas, Bonplandia, 2003), 7 occur in Brazil plus four unknown in country namely sect Ellipticifoliae (9, USA, Mexico and Guatemala), sect Hookerianae (2, one in Australia another from Ethiopia to South Africa), sect Pseudo-Napaeae (1, North America) and sect Oligandrae (4, high elevations of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia).
Theobroma (Malvaceae) ‣ 22 spp. in seven sections (Silva, Venturieri & Figueira, Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2004| M.Colli-Silva et al., Brittonia, 2024), sect Andropetalum (1, Nicaragua and Costa Rica), sect Glossopetalum (12 over distribution of genus), sect Oreanthes (5, Panama to SE Brazil and Guianas), sect Herrania (9, Nicaragua to northern South America, 4 in Brazil, none endemic), sect Rhytidocarpus (1, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and N Brazil), sect Telmatocarpus (2, Venezuela to Ecuador, Bolivia to Brazil) and sect Theobroma (1, Costa Rica to N Brazil). Representative species from all the sections can be found in Brazil, except for sect Andropetalum.
Melochia (Malvaceae) ‣ 5 sections worldwide (Stewart, Malvaceae Info, 2010), namely sect Melochia (11, has 8 only in New World, two anfi-atlantic, and one endemic to Africa), sect Physodium (3, endemic to Mexico), sect Visenia (12, Asia and the eastern Pacific), sect Mougeotia (18, Mexico to Uruguay and N Argentina) and sect Pyramis (14, only New World except the pantropical M. pyramidata L., known also in Mascarene Islands and Malesia to N Australia).
Wissadula (Malvaceae) ‣ two sections (Bovini & Baumgratz, Phytotaxa, 2016), namely sect Wissadula (38, over range of genus, 18 of then in Brazil, 4 endemic) and sect Wissada (3, two from northern South America to Caribbean, both absent in Brazil, and W. stipulata Bovini endemic to Mato Grosso do Sul state).
Gossypium (Malvaceae) ‣ 4 genera (Wendel et al., Physiology of Cotton, 2009), namely subgen Sturtia (17, Australia), subgen Gossypium (16, Old World), subgen Houzingenia (13, New World, 10 exclusive to Mexico, 1 to N Mexico to S USA, Ecuador and Peru one endemic each | Grover et al., Genome Biology and Evolution, 2019), and subgen Karpas (5, G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. cultivars, in addition to 3 micro-endemic: one in Hawai, another in Galápagos, and G. mustelinum Miers ex G. Watt, endemic to NE Brazil).
CARYOPHYLLANAE
Drosera (Droseraceae) ‣ except for D. regia Stephens (SE South Africa) and D. arcturi Hook. (SE Australia and New Zealand), two large clades emerges from Drosera (Gonella, Thesis, 2017):
subgen Drosera includes 8 sections, 4 centered in Australia (sect Arachnopus, sect Stelogyne, sect Prolifera and sect Psychophila), and four with/or also Neotropical and African distribution:
sect Thelocalyx (2) ‣ two species highly disjunct, one in Australia and D. sessiliflora A. St-Hill. (Colombia to Guyana, Brazil and Bolivia).
sect Brasiliae (18) ‣ 18 spp., all endemic to Brazil except D. montana A.St.-Hil., up to Peru and Bolivia.
sect Drosera ‣ temperate and diploid Neotropical taxa, as well as D. spatulata Labill and allied taxa. 26 spp. in New World, 12 in Brazil (three endemic), 5 in Brazil and other some places but confined to South America, 4 in Brazil up to Central and North America, and 14 outside Brazil (4 in Guiana Highlands near Brazilian borders and possibly in Brazil, 5 exclusive from North America, D. uniflora Willd. in Cono Sur, three in high Andes from Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, and D. moaensis Panfet endemic to Caribbean).
sect Pycnostigma ‣ all species belonging to the ‘African clade’, which comprises all Drosera species occurring on the African continent, with the exception of D. regia (subgen Regiae) and D. indica L. (subgen Arachnopus).
subgen Ergaleium (‘Australian Clade’), comprising six sections, namely sect Coelophylla, sect Lasiocephala, sect Bryastrum, sect Erythrorhiza, sect Stolonifera and sect Ergaleium, with a single South America species, D. meristocaulis Maguire & Wurdack from S Venezuela, near Brazilian border.
Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) ‣ four well defined clades (Waselkov et al., Systematic Botany, 2018), all in South America, not exactly concordant with the classical classification of the genus, only two in Brazil, ESA clade (3) and Hybridus clade (3).
Dysphania (Amaranthaceae) ‣ there are 5 sections in this genus (Uotila et al., Taxon, 2020), two with representatives in the New World, namely sect Adenois (13, two in North America, one in Tristan de Cunha, and remaining 10 in South America) and sect Incisa (2, D. graveolens (Willd.) Mosyakin & Clemants in S North America and D. mandonii (S.Watson) Mosyakin & Clemants in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru).
Salicornea (Amaranthaceae) ‣ four subgenera belongs this genus (M.Piirainen, O.Liebisch & G.Kadereit, Taxon, 2017), subgen Arthrocnemoides (7) and subgen Afrocornia (16) only Old World, subgen Salicornia (17) worldwide except South America and Australia, and subgen Amerocornia with 4 species from North and 4 in South America, two from southern regions, one endemic to Peru and S. neei Lag. in saline deserts in Pacific coast of Peru and Chile, through the northern half of Argentina, to the Atlantic coast of Argentina up to S Brazil).
Callandrinia (Montiaceae) ‣ two sections (Hershkovitz (Article, 2019), namely sect Calandrinia (8, along the American cordillera nearly from British Colombia to SW USA and NW Mexico, C Mexico to the Andes of N Argentina except Panama, Buenos Aires Province in Argentina, throughout all but the southernmost, and one species possibly native to the Falkland Islands) and sect Cespitosae (11, W South America, one extending to America Central and S Mexico).
Cistanthe (Montiaceae) ‣ two sections (Hershkovitz (Article, 2019), namely sect Cistanthe (〜12, all but one perennial, primarily in Chile, one extending into San Juan Province, Argentina, and two endemic to Peru) and sect Rosulatae (〜26, mainly Chile, four extending into Argentina, one primarily in Peru but now collected in Chile, one endemic to Peru, and two in SW North America).
Montia (Montiaceae) ‣ three sections (Hershkovitz (Article, 2019), namely sect Montia (6, including the widespread M. fontana L. and two species from NW South America), sect Australiensis (9, 8 in Australia/New Zealand and one in NW North America and SW Canada), and sect Montiastrum (4, NW North America and NE Asia).
Montiopsis (Montiaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Hershkovitz (Article, 2019), namely subgen Montiopsis (15, mainly Chile and Argentina, one up to Peru, and one up to Bolivia) and subgen Dianthoideae (3, Argentina and Chile).
Harrisia (Cactaceae) ‣ two subgenera and 4 sections (Franck, Phytoneuron, 2016), namely subgen Harrisia (sect Adscendens (1) endemic to Brazil and sect Harrisia (15) from Caribbean, Bahamas, and Florida) and subgen Eriocereus (sect Eriocereus (6) from Argentina, Bolivia, SW Brazil and Paraguay, and sect Roseocereus (1) endemic to Bolivia).
Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) ‣ three subgenera in Rhipsalis (Calvente, Systematic Botany, 2012), namely subgen Calamorhipsalis (8 or more), fully endemic to Brazil except by R. floccosa Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff., known also in Bolivia, Venezuela and Guianas; subgen Erythrorhipsalis (9 or more), fully endemic to Brazil except by R. cereuscula Haw., also in Bolivia and Parguay; and subgen Rhipsalis (23 or more), tropical America to Africa, some species absent in Brazil.
ASTERANAE
Cobaea (Polemoniaceae) ‣ 4 sections in this genus: sect Cobaea is mainly Mexican, with one species occurring in the Andes; sect Pachysepalae is restricted to southern Mexico and Guatemala; sect Rosenbergia is widespread in the Neotropics; and sect Triovulatae is restricted to central Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama (Prater, Systematic Botany, 1999).
Micropholis (Sapotaceae) ‣ two sections in this genus, namely sect Micropholis (29), widely distributed throughout tropical America, and sect Exsertistamen (9), from Guianas region that extends through the Brazilian Amazon to Peru (Pennington, Royal Botanical Garden, 1991).
Parathesis (Myrsinaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Ricketson & Pipoly, Sida, 2003), namely subg. Lateralis (unknown in Brazil) and subg. Parathesis (2 species in Brazil).
Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) ‣ there is no global genus review; for South America, there are 7 sections (Soejarto, Fieldiana, 1980), all exclusive from continent, with largest numbers in Colombia (6, sect Omichlophilea endemic) and Peru (5, sect Gynotrichae endemic).
Symplocos (Symplocaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Fritsch et al., Taxon, 2008), namely subgen Symplocos with three sections: sect Barberina (25, one in Asia and remaining in New World), sect Lohdra (142, E Asia, Australasia) and sect Symplocos (178, tropical America); and subgen Palura (1, E Asia).
Clethra (Clethraceae) ‣ two sections in this genus (Villarreal, Ibaguna, 2018), namely sect Clethra (24, 22 in China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Taiwan, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, and two in North America) and sect Cuellaria (57) in two subsections, namely subsect Cuellaria (56, Central and South America up to S Brazil) and subsect Pseudocuellaria (1, C. arborea Aiton, from Madeira).
Gaylussacia (Ericaceae) ‣ although not phylogenetically supported, the classical division of this genus includes three sections (Floyd, Systematic Botany, 2002), namely sect Decamerium (6, USA, one reaching to Canada), sect Gaylussacia (3, North America and 46 in South America) and sect Vitis-idaea (only G. brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray from E USA, possibly in Vaccinium).
Heliotropium (Heliotropiaceae) ‣ 4 clades, three in South America (F.Luebert et al., Science Direct, 2011), namely Heliothamnus clade (11, a single section, Peru and Chile), Cochranea clade (17, a single section, Andes from Colombia to Chile), and Tournefortia clade (170, eight sections in South America, of which only Hypsogenia and Plagiomeris, both from Puna to Patagonian and Mediterranean Andes do not occur in Brazil).
Voyria (Gentianaceae) ‣ composed two well distinct subgenera (Gomes et al., Taxon, 2022), namely subgen Voyria (only V. caerulea Aubl. in Brazil) and subgen Leiphaimos (all remaining species in country).
Strychnos (Loganiaceae) ‣ a provisional phylogenetic work, no fully nomenclaturally definite, is avalilable in Setúbal et al. (Systematic Botany, 2022).
Augusta (Rubiaceae) ‣ two subgenera in this genus (Delprete & Jardim, Rodriguésia, 2012), namely subgen Lindenia (3, A.rivalis (Benth.) J.H. Kirkbr., endemic to America Central, A. austrocaledonica (Brongn.) J.H. Kirkbr. endemic to New Caledonia, and A.vitiensis (Seem.) J.H. Kirkbr. endemic to Fiji) and subgen Augusta (1, A. longifolia (Spreng.) Rehder, endemic to Brazil).
Richardia (Rubiaceae) ‣ two sections (Lewis, Brittonia, 1974), namely sect Richardia (4) from the S USA to Peru, Argentina, and Brazil, and sect Asterophyton (3), having disjunct distributions in three areas: Texas-Mexico, Cuba, and central South America.
Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) ‣ 24 sections within 3 subgenera, but most of them are polyphyletic, and the division proves to be unsuitable (Andersson, Taxon, 2006).
Plantago (Plantaginaceae) ‣ four subgenera in this genus (N. Rønsted et al, Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2002 | Mower et al., Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 2021), namely subgen Plantago and subgen Psyllium widely worldwide (both in Brazil), subgen Bouguiera monotypic restricted from Andes of Peru to Argentina, and subgen Coronopus from northern Hemisphere with P. maritima L. also in southern South America.
Buddleja (Scrophulariaceae) ‣ 7 sections worldwide (JH Chau et al., Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2017), 5 only Africa and adjacent Arabia (〜10), sect Alternifoliae (25) from Asia, and sect Buddleja (66) restricted of New World.
Ruellia (Acanthaceae) ‣ 15 lineages in New World (Manzitto-Tripp & Daniel, Taxon, 2023), 11 in Brazil (3 endemic), and 4 unknown: Mexico and USA one endemic each; one in Colombia, Venezuela and Bolivia; and one from Costa Rica to Bolivia.
Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae) ‣ four sections (Ragsac et al., American Journal of Botany, 2019), sect Copaia (1, America Central to Bolivia, Brazil and Guianas), sect Dilobos (more than half of the species of the genus, all endemic to Brazil), sect Nematopogon (3, Guyana to Bolivia and Peru) and sect Jacaranda (11, from South America, J. caucana Pittier up to America Central, and six restricted for Caribbean.
Erythranthe (Phrymaceae) ‣ 12 sections (Barker, Nesom, Beardsley & Fraga, Phytoneuron, 2012), 8 only in North America/Mexico (29), two from Asia/North America (18 in North America and 10 in Asia), and three also in South America, namely sect Sinopitheca (4), from Asia with E. bridgesii (Benth.) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Argentina and Chile; sect Mimulosma (18) with E. stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L. Nesom from Russia, 17 from USA and Mexico, and E. moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Chile; and sect Simiola (38), mainly restricted from North America and Mexico (E. glabrata (Kunth) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Colombia), with nine in Chile, 4 of then reaching into Argentina, 1 into Bolivia, and adjacent S Peru.
Citharexylum (Verbenaceae) ‣ composed by three genera (O´Leary et al., American Journal of Botany, 2020 | O´Leary et al., Annals of the Misssouri Botanical Garden, 2021).
subgen Purpuratum - monotypic, endemic to Mexico.
subgen Citharexylum - three sections, namely sect Citharexylum (〜30, mainly Mesoamerica, six extend into the Caribbean and N South America, absent in Brazil), sect Mexicanum (4, Mexico, one up to USA) and sect Pluriflorum (〜3, Mexico to Nicaragua).
subgen Sudamericanum - three sections, namerly sect Andinum (11, from central Andes in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, two Colombia and Ecuador, with C. montevidense (Spreng.) Moldenke reaching into lowlands of NE Argentina, S Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay), sect Caribe (〜7, endemic to Caribbean), and sect Sylvaticum (11, throughout South America from northern Andes to SE Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina).
Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae) ‣ genus composed of two subgenera (Fleischmann et al., Phytotaxa, 2011 | SR Silva, PlosOne, 2020), subgen Genlisea (21, 10 in New World, 11 in Africa) and subgen Tayloria (9, C and E Brazil).
Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) ‣ three subgenera (Fleischmann, Carnivorous Plant Newletter, 2021), namely subgen Isoloba (19, four sections, only sect Ampullipalatum in South America with 11 species in region, all restricteds from continent, six from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and 5 in Argentina and Chile), subgen Pinguicula (〜30, northern hemisphere, absent in South America) and subgen Temnoceras (〜73, four sections, only one in South America, sect Heterophylliformis, monotypic section with P. elongata Benj. from Andes of Colombia and Venezuela).
Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) ‣ phylogeny of Ipomoea and shows the genus is divided into two clades of similar size, dominated by species from the Old World and New World respectively but with many exceptions (Wood et al., PhytoKeys, 2020), namely Old World Clade (OWC) and New World Clade (NWC, 450). NWC is dominated by species from the Americas, but which also includes all species endemic to Australia, with two very large clades are recognizable, one mostly South American but including sect Batatas, a second very large, mainly Mexican clade, and four smaller clades, one essentially African with one New World endemic (I. habeliana Oliv.).
Brunfelsia (Solanaceae) ‣ two disjunct clades in this genus, namely sect Brunfelsia from Caribbean and South American clade from South America (N.Filipowicz, SS Renner, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2012).
Capsicum (Solanaceae) ‣ 11 clades (Carrizo & García et al., Annals of Botany, 2016), all but two restricteds for South America, with Longidentatum and Atlantic Forest clades endemic to Brazil; Baccatum, Caatinga and Flexuosum with species in Brazil, some up to other countries, but confined to South America; Bolivian, Pubescens, Purple Corolla and Tovarii in Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia; Andean Clade from C & W South America; and Annuum Clade (4) indcluding C. galapagoense Hunz., C. frutescens L., C. chinense L. and C. annuum L. — whereas C. annuum var. glabriusculum is known as a weed throughout Central and northern South America up to southern North America, C. annuum var. annuum, C. frutescens and C. chinense are only known from cultivation.
Cestrum (Solanaceae) ‣ three sections (Montero-Castro et al., Systematic Botany, 2018), namely sect Cestrum (over range of genus and almost all species), sect Habrothamnus (8, Mexico to America Central), and sect Pseudocestrum (1, Hispaniola).
Nicotiana (Solanaceae) ‣ 13 sections (Knapp et al., Taxon, 2004). sect Polydicliae, sect Repandae and sect Trigonophyllae has joined 8 species and exclusively from USA to Mexico; sect Noctiflorae, sect Paniculatae, sect Rusticae, sect Sylvestres, sect Tomentosae and sect Undulatae, with 26 species joined, are all exclusively from South America but absent in Brazil; sect Alatae has 8 species, over tropical America, including all Brazilian members of Nicotiana; sect Nicotiana with only naturalized worldwide, N. tabacum L.; sect Petunioides has 8 species, from USA to South America, absent in Brazil; and sect Suaveolentes has 26 species from Australia, New Caledonia and Namibia.
Solanum (Solanaceae) ‣ three major clades (Thelopodium, Lineage I, Lineage II | Hilgenhof et al., Taxon, 2023), 11 medium-sized (7 in Brazil) and 48 smaller end-clades within the two large major clades. In Lineage I, Brazil has only 3 of 16 clades (13 absent, 8 of Petota, 4 in VANA, and Regmandra); in Lineage II except Leptostemonum, Brazil includes 11 clades (two endemic), and two are absent (Argentina and Peru one endemic each); in Leptostemonum, Brazil includes 13 clades (two endemic) of 19 clades (outsiders two in Caribbean, one in North America to Mexico, one in Argentina, one only in Old World, and one from Texas to Colombia and Caribbean).
Hieracium (Asteraceae) ‣ three subgenera n this genus (Fehrer et al, MDPI, 2022, also VPA) namely subgen Hieracium (〜4,300, Eurasia, with the diploid species H. umbellatum L. up to North America), subgen Pilosella (150, mainly distributed in Europe and West Asia, and comprises a few native species occurring in NW Africa), and subgen Chionoracium (129, only of entirely sexual, diploid species, 39 from North America to Panama and 90 in South America).
Verbesina (Asteraceae, Moreira et al., Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2023) ‣ the 12 classically recognized sections for this genus are not monophyletic.
Viburnum (Viburnaceae, Winkworth & Donoghue, American Journal of Botany, 2005) ‣ 10 sections, nine occur in Asia and 4 in New World, three in North America, with sect Lentago up to Mexico, and sect Oreinotinus (38) in over Neotropics (a single species in Brazil).
Aralia (Araliaceae) ‣ six sections belongs Aralia (Jun Wen, Monography, 2011), namely sect Aralia (3 in North American, 11 in Asian), sect Dimorphanthus (29, 2 in North American, 27 in Asia), sect Humiles (3, North and America Central), sect Nanae (1, North America), sect Pentapanax (19, Asia) and sect Sciadodendron (5, one in Cuba, 4 in South America, 2 in Brazil, 1 endemic).
Eryngium (Apiaceae) ‣ two well defined clades belongs this genus (Calviño et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2008), namely subgen Eryngium (Old World clade), including all species from Africa, Europe, and Asia, except four from western Mediteranean species; and subgen Monocotyloidea (New World clade), including all species from New World plus Mediterranean species afore mentioned.
Sanicula (Apiaceae) ‣ 4 sections make up this genus (Kronister, Thesis, 2013 | Vargas et al., Systematic Botany, 1999), namely sect Pseudopetagnia (6, Asia), sect Sanicoria (18, W North America, 3 in Hawaii), sect Sanicula (13, cosmopolitan, only one in Asia, includind the three South American spp.) and sect Tuberculatae (3, China, Korea and Japan).