1 EXXOTAXA
Any group of species that occurs natively in South America but not natively in Brazil. Ex.: exxospecies (Koeberlinia spinosa), exxogenera (Matucana), exxofamily (Cornaceae).
2 PROBLEMATICS
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Poaceae), the only Arundinoideae in South America, is cited by the VPA as native to all regions of the New World covered by the platform except Brazil (SEE); Reflora lists it as naturalized (SEE), and POWO also considers it naturalized (SEE). Why does this genus have such a strange distribution? For beautiful images of populations in French Guiana, see La Chaussette Rouge.
Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) in Mexico: is there really a native Impatiens in Mexico?
Does Spiranthes Rich. (Orchidaceae) really occur in French Guiana?
Is Thismia americana N.Pfeiff. (Burmanniaceae) a fraud? Wilhelm & Rericha (The Great Lakes Botanist, 2018) discuss this hypothesis without reaching a final verdict; if confirmed, it would be an astonishing fraud and one of the largest in modern botany.
Do Cantua megapotamica Spreng. (Polemoniaceae, POWO) and Juglans brasiliensis Dode (Juglandaceae, POWO), supposedly Brazilian species, really exist?
3 BRAZILIAN NATURAL NOMENCLATURE
Nomenclature that we use in English for some Brazilian vegetation and relief formations.
igapó ‣ seasonally flooded forest (igapó).
caatinga ‣ dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga).
cerrado ‣ savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
campinaranas ‣ north-amazonic white-sand savannas (campinaranas).
campos rupestres ‣ rocky grasslands (campos rupestres).
campos de altitude ‣ high altitud grasslands (campos de altitude).
cangas ‣ rocky-ferriginous grasslands (cangas).
restingas ‣ Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas).
Pico da Neblina ‣ Neblina Massif.
Serra do Aracá ‣ Aracá Massif.
4 SPECIES OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
Some species are known only in their cultivated or invasive form (such as Brugmansia, which will be mentioned later), or only from collections without a recorded origin. Examples include Opuntia leoglossa Font & M.Köhler (Köhler & Font, Phytotaxa, 2021) in Cactaceae, known only from invasive populations in Australia and Spain.
5 HISTORICAL PLANTS
Wood from Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Calophyllaceae), widespread across the tropical New World, was used exclusively in the production of masts and crossjacks for ships. Therefore, it became the country's first hardwood regulated by law, on January 7th, 1835 (sun.eduzz).
Drosera magnifica Rivadavia & Gonella (Droseraceae), endemic to Minas Gerais state, is the first plant species recorded as being discovered through photographs on a social network, representing a remarkable new species of sundew from Brazil (Guinness World Records).
6 LONGEST AUTOR NAME
Perhaps the species with the largest text by authors among South American angiosperms is
Heliamphora ceracea Nerz, Wistuba, Grantsau, Rivadavia, A.Fleischm. & S.McPherson
7 REMARKABLE CITATIONS
For Lindley (1849), Lagenanthus princeps (Gentianaceae, Venezuela and Colombia, Statflickr) is 'one of the noblest plants in existence' (Gentian Research Network).
Judziewicz and Soderstrom (see Fernandez et al., Checklist, 2012) stated in 1990 that Glaziophyton mirabile (Poaceae) was the 'oddest bamboo in the world'.
For Lytton J. Musselman, Hydnoraceae (now included in Aristolochiaceae) are 'the strangest plants in the World!' (Neotropical Hydnoraceae).
Ducke on Aguiaria excelsa (Malvaceae, endemic to the Rio Negro basin): 'I am not aware of a similar seed chamber in any other plant species' (Cardoso et al., Neodiversity, 2015).
8 TYPE GENERA IN SOUTH AMERICA
Many genera native to Brazil are types of their respective family and order; rather than listing those here, we focus on the exotic genera (non-native/exogenous) that play this role in South America.
Type genera of their order (but not of their family) ‣ Huertea.
Type genera of their family (but not of their order; 8) ‣ Morus, Hydrangea, Haloragis, Francoa, Loasa, Primula, Goodenia, and Calycera (only the first two occur in Colombia).
Type genera of both their order and family (11) ‣ Gentiana, Buxus, Vitis, Metteniusa, Cornus, Malpighia, Santalum, Berberidopsis, Cucurbita, Saxifraga, and Canella (the first six occur in Colombia).
9 INFRASPECIFIC NOMENCLATURE
Here we provide a classification key of intraspecific categories, which may occasionally be used in this blog’s texts (WCSPF).
1 Distribution range separate, gene flow absent or very restricted between the infraspecific populations and differing in characters ........................ subsp.
1 Distribution ranges overlapping, gene flow possible and not differing in characters ......................................................................................................... 2
2 Populations separate.......................................................... var.
2 Mixed populations present................................................. f.
10 BOTANICS IS DYNAMIC
2,875 angiosperm species was described from Brazil between the years 1990 and 2006 (Sobral & Stehmann, Taxon, 2009).
Many genera have recently been imploded, resulting in many combinations within their families, e.g. Hyptis.
On the other hand, many were expanded, gaining and incorporating a series of others, eg. Miconia.
Notable changes are spread in some groups, for example Androlepis Alliance in Bromelioideae (Ramírez-Díaz, J. Bromeliad Soc., 2019), Ocotea complex in Lauraceae (Penagos Zuluaga et al., American Journal of Botany, 2021), Lobeliodeae in Campanulaceae (Kagame et al., PhytoKeys, 2021) and Espeletia clade in Asteraceae (Mavárez, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2021).
It is worth highlighting the placement in Chen et al. (Phytotaxa, 2015), work describing 18 spp. from a family before with 53 spp., which states that Anisophylleaceae is the most unknown of the angiosperm families. By Moonlight et al. (Taxon, 2018), Begonia L. is the genus in absolute numbers that grows most in the flowering plants, with 341 spp. described in 10 years; among the interesting data of the work, is the possibility that there are 300 Begonia to be described in Borneo alone.
Perhaps the most bizarre case of description in South America is a genus of orchids believed to be endemic to Brazil: Archivea Christenson & Jenny (Orchidaceae), known only from a watercolor (Wikimedia) dated 1823 and deposited in the Kew Gardens archives, a circumstance that motivated the naming of its only species, Archivea kewensis Christenson & Jenny, as well explained in Boyce (Malayan Nature Journal, 2011). Nothing is known about its distribution, and it could be that it is from the subtribe Stanhopeinae, via Whitten (American Journal of Botany, 2000), or even a wrong painting. About the author of the watercolor, T. Duncanson, NSAA found no reference.
The species concept is varied, and this can generate certain conceptual problems in some groups, reaching the peak of the problem in Hieracium L. (Asteraceae). POWO list 4,566 spp. (SEE), largest genus worldwide. K.Kubitzki (vol. VIII, 2007) suggests only c. 60 to 1,000 spp. Not far away, Taraxacum Weber, another Asteraceae, appears with 2,421 spp. on the platform, with Richard (New Phytologyst, 1970) suggesting only 60 macrospecies; here we accept POWO numbers.
11 NOTES IN RARITY
The occurrence of a species in a given geographic context depends on its distribution area, the size of its population and the specificity of the habitats; the table below, whose reference was not accurately detected, illustrates the 8 possible scenarios of occurrence of a plant.
|
POPULATION SIZED |
| SMALL |
LONGER |
| RANGE |
LONGER |
Low Density
Longer Range
Many Habitats
|
Common |
Low Density
Longer Range
Specific Habitats
|
High Density
Longer Range
Specific Habitat
|
| SMALL |
Restricted Range
Low Density
Many Habitats
|
Restricted Range
High Density
Many Habitats
|
Restricted Range
Low Density
Specific Habitats
|
Restricted Range
High Density
Specific Habitats
|
A plant may be rare for having few collections, or it may occur with several individuals but in a small area. SDa considers that the orchid Archivea kewensis Christenson & Jenny, is the rarest plant in Brazil; for details of this statement, see Miscellany-E. By Plantas Raras do Brasil (UEFS, BOOK, 2009), at least another 370 cited are known only by their type material, many haven't been collected for decades or centuries, all of which are tied as the second rarest in the country, by SDa. In the search for 'individual' in the book above mentioned, some angiosperms are found in hard situation: it is seen that Peritassa sadleri Lombardi (Celastraceae, Espírito Santo) and Symplocos microstyla Aranha, P.W.Fritsch & Almeda (Symplocaceae, Minas Gerais) are known by only two individuals each; Schultesia piresiana E.F.Guim. & Fontella (Gentianaceae, Bahia) and Chionanthus greenii Lombardi (Oleaceae, Minas Gerais), only 1! On the same list could be Andreadoxa flava Kallunki (Rutaceae), unique in its genus, with only 1 individual in the wild or Sambuichi (Artigos Técnico-Scientíficos Natureza & Conservação, 2008), at the Centro de Estudo do Cacau, in Bahia state (CNC Flora); by area, we can be cited Prosopanche caatingicola R.F.Machado & L.P.Queiroz (Aristolochiaceae), known only in 200 m² in Bahia state (Machado and Paganucci, Phytotaxa, 2012) and Phyllanthus eremitus Funez & Hassemer (Phyllanthaceae), in less than 30 individuals, in 10 m², Santa Catarina state (Flora de Santa Catarina). Also by the book mentioned above, some plants are known only for cultivation; among these we can mention Begonia aconitifolia A.DC. (Begoniaceae), Ruehssia carvalhoi (Morillo & Carnevali) F.Esp.Santo & Rapini (as in Marsdenia, Apocynaceae), Sinningia helleri Nees and S. leucotricha (Hoehne) H.E.Moore (Gesneriaceae). None of these are on the IUCN Red List.
In a broader analysis, for genera, it is worth mentioning the density of species from the same group in the same area. Here we quote two unique cases. One is the density of the same family per 10,000 km², taken by countries. Perhaps the greatest of all these diversities, for countries/states/units with more than 40,000 km², belongs to the Orchidaceae of Ecuador, with c. 148,1 spp./10,000 km²; Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil has 163,8 spp./10,000 km² of Orchidaceae. The other case is about the density of species of a genus in the same area. One of the most remarkable example is the even more remarkable aggregation is the 175 spp. of Erica found in less than 625 km² in SW Cape, South Africa (Oliver, Linder, & Rourke, Bothalia, 1983).
For rare species in Brazil, the reference Plantas Raras do Brasil (UEFS, BOOK, 2009) lists 2,291 species, defined as those species that have a distribution less than 10,000 km², in two or more watersheds.
Silva et al. (PeerJ, 2019) evaluated the distribution of 3,272 species of seed plants that are endemic to Brazil with a range smaller than 10,000 km². This list of species was primarily based on the country’s catalogue of rare plant species in Brazil. We intersected the localities of the restricted-range species with the fifth-order watersheds mapped at a scale of 1:250,000 by the Brazilian government and excluded 918 species that were distributed in more than one watershed, resulting in 2,354 microendemic species.
12 REMARKABLE DISJUNCTIONS
In SDa searches, the most complete work on disjunctions is that of Thorne (Chicago Journals, 1972), who defined sixteen categories and 34 subcategories of disjunct ranges of intercontinental magnitude; here are some patterns of disjunction that are often present in South American genera.
South America ✕ Africa - by Sytsma et al. (Int. J. Plant Sci, 2004), of the 12 or so families of flowering plants exhibiting the striking amphi-Atlantic disjunct pattern involving only the Americas and Africa, eight are essentially American families (e.g., Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Caricaceae, Humiriaceae, Loasaceae, Mayacaceae, Rapateaceae, Vochysiaceae) with ca. 3,500 species in the Americas compared with just over 10 in Africa (Thorne 1973); previously, was conclusively demonstrated with a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Rapateaceae that the single African genus Maschocephalus is of recent origin (late Miocene) via longdistance dispersal. Arguments have been made for similar young ages of African taxa in Bromeliaceae and Mayacaceae and perhaps the remainder of these eight families.
The most remarkable disjunction of angiosperms, by this blog, is Pitcairnia feliciana (A. Chev.) Harms & Mildbr, the only species among more than 3,000 bromeliads to be born in Africa, and certainly the most notable plant of Guinea; for images of the plant in natural habitat, see Raiwen/Flickr.
13 NEAREST GENERA FOR BRAZIL
Many of c. 1380 genera in South America absents in Brazil occur near Brazilian borders; among them, some of the most notable are Asterogyne (Arecaceae, Brittonia), Brasenia (Cabombaceae, Darwiniana), Jasarum (Araceae, GBIF), Pakaraimaea (Cistaceae, PlosOne), Achlyphila (Xyridaceae, NYBG, pg. 12), Pyrrorhiza (Haemodoraceae, PhytoKeys), Pseudomonotes (Dipterocarpaceae, GBIF), Yasunia (Lauraceae, SEE), Steinbachiella (Fabaceae, SEE), Sarcotoxicum (Capparaceae, GBIF), Caa (Apocynaceae, Lilloa), Argemone (Papaveraceae, Brittonia, pg. 99).
14 SELECTED DIVERSITY NOTES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES
Brazil has scarce diversity in many importante groups such as Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Amaranthaceae non Amaranthoideae.
Hotspot of high diversity in South America are Rapateaceae in Venezuela; Magnoliacae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Heliconiaceae, Costaceae, Zingiberaceae, Brunnelliaceae, Gunneraceae, Ericaceae, Gesneriaceae, Campanulaceae and Cyclanthaceae in Colombia; Orchidaceae in Ecuador; Piperaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Crassulaceae, Grossulariaceae and Amaryllidaceae in Peru; Brassicaceae and Calyceraceae in Argentina; and Loasaceae in Chile. For Brazil, some high diversities belongs Monimiaceae, Lauraceae, Bromeliaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae and Lamiaceae.
Morphologically (and locally in South America), the largest absences in Brazil are mangroves Pelliciera (Colombia), carnivorous Pinguicula (Venezuela to Chile), holoparasitics Lennoa, Mitrastemon, Bdalophytum (Venezuela and Colombia) and Aphyllon (Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina), holomycotrophics Monotropa (Colombia), Degranvillea (French Guiana), Arachnitis, Tiputinia, Triuridopsis (Peru to Chile and Argentina), sea grasses Thallassia and Syringodium (Venezuela and Colombia) and dicot dissecation tolerant Bloosfeldia and Clinopodium (Bolivia, Argentina and Chile). In Brazil, there are no records of occurrence of representatives of smaller taxa such as Peruvian terrestrial nanoplants (Viola, Begonia, Lysipomia), and huge species such as Puya raimondii (Peru, Bolivia) and Ceroxylon quindiuense (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru). Species with large seeds, such as Mora (Fabaceae), Pelleciera (Tetrameristaceae) and Attelea (Arecaeae) from Colombia to Peru, are also absent.
15 NON NATIVE NOTES AT SOUTH AMERICA
A page dedicated to alien or invasive flora, whether in South America coming from other regions, or from South America invading other regions. For a classification regarding the origin, impact and adaptation of non-native species, a great reference is Pyšek et al. (Taxon, 2004), from where we take the diagram below. For some data about aliens in Brazil, see Zenni, R.D. (Rodriguésia, 2015).
BRAZILIAN SPECIES INVADING OTHER COUNTRIES
Chapman et al. | Gymnocoronis spilanthoides DC. (OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 2017) - speaks of the entire colonization of G. spilanthoides (Asteraceae, from southern South America) throughout the Old World.
CABI | Eicchornia crassipes (LINK) - this page reports the invasive and dangerous character of this species restricted to the tropical systems of South America in various parts of the world, including historical citations.
A. Rimac et al. | The Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa Planch.) invasion reaches Southeast Europe (BioInvasions Records, 2018) - Egeria densa (Hydrocharitaceae) invading rivers off the coast of Croatia, Europe.
EXOTIC SPECIES INVADING THE NEW WORLD
Alves and Roque (Checklist, 2016) | first record of the African Sclerocarpus africanus (Asteraceae) in South America (in Bom Jesus da Lapa, Bahia state, Brazil).
Barbosa M.L., Alves M. & Roque N. (Rodriguésia, 2022) | first record of Heterosperma (H. ovatifolium Cav., Asteraceae) for Brazil, collected in Paitá municipality, Bahia state.
Alves et al. (CheckList, 2013) | firts report of naturalization of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) in Brazil, established in Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro state.
Barcelos and Heiden | the first record of the African Helichrysum foetidum (Asteraceae) in South America (Canguçu and Pinheiro Machado municipalities, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil).
F. M. Florâncio et al. (Aquatic Botany, 2021) | detailed data from Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle in Itaipu Dam in Brazil and Paraguay.
Antar et al. (Webbia, 2022) | first record of Camelia sinensis (L.) Kutze (Theaceae) in Atlantic Forest domain in Brazil.
16 CONSERVATION AT SOUTH AMERICAN PLANTS
Following the IUCN Red List (SEE, on 12.10.2021), searchig extinct angiosperms from South America, there are 12 fully extinct angiosperms in South America, in 11 genera, most in Sapotaceae and Myrtaceae (7 of 13), here listed as their most actual names: Sicyos villosus Hooh.f., Blutaparon rigidum (A. St.-Hil.) Mears and Delilia inelegans (Hook.f) Kuntze were endemic to the Galapagos, Ecuador; Mida fernandeziana (Phil.) Sprague was endemic to Juan Fernandes, Chile; Arachis rigonii Krapov. & W.C.Greg. was endemic to Bolivia; Pradosia mutisii Cronquisti, Casearia quinduensis Tul. (IUCN) was endemic to Colombia; Campomanesia lundiana (Kiaerski.) Mattos, Chrysophyllum januariense Eichler, Myrcia neocambessedeana E. Lucas & Sobral, Pradosia glaziovii (Pierre) T.D. Penn and Pouteria stenophylla Baehni were endemic Brazil. Mida fernandesiana is not recognized in the VPA. Pradosia mutisii and Casearia quinduensis are cited in the VPA both as from Colombia and Ecuador.
Also according to the IUCN, 10 angiosperms from the continent are extinct in nature, but survive in cultivation; 7 of them are Brugmansia Pers. (Solanaceae), according to the text a genus entirely known only for cultivated species, about which there is no record in herbaria of wild individuals; site information suggests that it is endemic to South America, with five spp. confined to western South America, from Colombia to Chile: B. arborea (L.) Lagerh. (IUCN), B. aurea Lagerh. (IUCN), B. sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don (IUCN), B. versicolor Lagerh. (IUCN) and B. vulcanicola (A.S. Barclay) R.E. Schult. (IUCN); B. insignis (Barb.Rodr.) Lockwood ex R.E.Schult. (IUCN) extending from Colombia and Brazil, and B. suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Sweet (IUCN) possibly endemic to the forests of northeastern Brazil; but, due to the lack of records of these species in herbaria, mentioned above, these distributions can never be confirmed and the vast majority of sources, some among the most important such as the VPA, do not consider Brugmansia as native to Brazil; here recognizes only 5 spp., by Dupin & Smith (Taxon, 2018). The other three species that are extinct in the wild in South America are Senecio leucopeplus Cabrera (IUCN) from Argentina, Sophora toromiro (Phil.) Skottsb. from Easter Island in Chile (IUCN), and Terminalia acuminata (Allemão) Eichler (IUCN) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On the latter, however, recent records in nature are being analyzed (Wikiparks).
17 REMARKABLE PLANT SPECIES WORLDWIDE
Paris japonica Franchet (Melanthiaceae), endemic to Japan, has the largest genome of any plant yet assayed, about 150 billion base pairs long (Wikipedia).
Pilea cavernicola A.K. Monro (Urticaceae) endemic to S China is possibly the shadiest plant worldwide, with survive only ca 0.04-2.78 % full daylight (Monro et al., NCBI, 2012).
Clerodendrum kamhyoae Phillipson & L.Allorge (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar it is one of the most exuberant cauliflorous plants there is (SEE).
Sedum suaveolens Kimnach (Crassulaceae), with n > 320, from Mexico, has tha largest cromossomes number at flowering plants (Mota et al., NCBI, 2016).
Bulbophyllum nocturnum J.J.Verm., de Vogel, Schuit. & A.Vogel (Orchidaceae) from New Britain, Papua New Guinea, is the first species of orchid known to consistently flower during the night, and close its flowers during the day (Wikipedia).
The tallest of all Ericaceae in New World is some Agarista D.Don from Mexico and North America, by Judd (Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 1984).
Despite the appearance, Besleria macropoda Donnell Smith (Gesneriaceae) from Costa Rica is not a true epiphylly (Berger et al., Phytotaxa, 2015).
18 ENDEMIC WEEDS?
Rhaphiodon echinus Schauer (Lamiaceae) is a prostrate herbs known from northeastern Brazil and some adjacent areas in southeastern and wet-center regions, plant controversially mentioned as weed in points of its occurrence area (Alves [Dissertation, 2019], Moreira [Campinas/SP, 2011], Global Compendium of Weeds). In confirming this status, it can be considered the only weed of an endemic genus in Brazil.
19 DIVERSITY OF PLANTS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
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MEXICO
The country has, by Villaseñor (Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2016), 23,314 spp., distributed in 2,854 genera, 297 families, and 73 orders. Based on this source, but with numbers of VPA, the five families in Mexico are in table below. The genera with more than 170 spp. in Mexico are only Sedum (Crassulaceae, 382), Salvia (Lamiaceae, 335), Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae, 246), Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae, 243), Agave (Asparagaceae, 208), Quercus (Fagaceae, 177) and Mammillaria (Cactaceae, 173).
Mexico has at least 2,885 native tree species, belonging to 612 genera and 128 families. Fabaceae is the most represented family and Quercus the most represented genus. Approximately 44% of tree species are endemic to the country. The southern part of the country showed the highest values of species richness. Six hundred and seventy-four species have at least one documented human use (Tellez et al., PeerJ, 2020). Five families occur in the US, but not in Mexico: Calycanthaceae, Stemonaceae, Balsaminaceae, Limnanthaceae and Stemonuraceae.
Mexico has 46 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil, 27 occur in South America¹, and 19 do not²:
¹ Tovariaceae, Phyllonomaceae, Coriariaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Actinidiaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Tapisciaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Melanthiaceae, Grossulariaceae, Juglandaceae, Saxifragaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Polemoniaceae, Cornaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Zosteraceae, Hamamelidaceae, Frankeniaceae, Papaveraceae, Phrymaceae, Buxaceae, Myricaceae, Montiaceae.
² Setchellanthaceae, Sarcobataceae, Fouquieriaceae, Simmondsiaceae, Crossosomataceae, Stegnospermataceae, Guamatelaceae, Plocospermataceae, Ticodendraceae, Resedaceae, Datiscaceae, Paeoniaceae, Saururaceae, Platanaceae, Schisandraceae, Liliaceae, Garryaceae, Altingiaceae, Iteaceae.
In contrast, 26 Brazilian families do not occur in Mexico: Tofieldiaceae, Nartheciaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryaceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Tetrameristaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae, Griseliniaceae.
GUIANAS
GUIANAS ‣ The three Guyana countries together have 64 genera that do not occur in Brazil. None represent an absent family in Brazil; for very detailed maps off all most important sites of botanic collections in Guyana, see Hoffman (Smithsonian Plant Collection, 2014); endemic genera marked in bold. For trees from French Guiana, see Molino J.F. et al. (Adansonia, 2022), who lists 1,811 spp. in 421 genera at 87 families.
GUYANA (51) ‣ Brasenia (Cabombaceae), Chlorocardium (Lauraceae), Jasarum (Araceae), Chaubardiella, Sievekingia, Gomphihis, Eloyella, Oliveriana, Teuscheria (Orchidaceae), Potarophyton, Windsorina (Rapateaceae), Rhynchocladium (Cyperaceae, GBIF), Lutheria (Bromeliaceae), Phragmites (Poaceae), Maburea (Erythropalaceae), Whittonia (Peridiscaceae), Ceratostema (Ericaceae), Chorisepalum, Enicostema, Rogersonanthus (Gentianaceae), Didymochlamys, Duidania, Etericius, Erithalis, Maguireothamnus, Pteridocalix, Wittmackanthus, Merumea (Rubiaceae), Christopheria, Lampadaria, Pagothyra, Roogeton, Kohleria, Crantzia (Gesneriaceae), Condylidium, Quelchia (Asteraceae), Pseudanamomis (Myrtaceae), Maguireanthus, Ochthephilus (GBIF), Boyania, Phainatha, Tryssophytum, Pterogastra (Melastomataceae), Loxopterigyum (Anacardiaceae), Pakaraimaea (Cistaceae), Guaiacum (Zygophyllaceae), Dystovomita, Thysanostemon (Clusiaceae, GBIF), Pibiria (Passifloraceae, SEE), Neosprucea (Salicaceae), Senefelderopsis (Euphorbiaceae).
SURINAME (16) ‣ Chlorocardium (Lauraceae), Teuscheria, Chamelophyton, Degranvillea, Chaubardiella, Sievekingia (Orchidaceae), Lutheria (Bromeliaceae), Phragmites (Poaceae), Buxus (Buxaceae, GBIF), Chorisepalum (Gentianaceae), Kohleria, Lembocarpus, Pagothyra (Gesneriaceae), Megaskepasma (Acanthaceae), Loxopterigyum (Anacardiaceae), Guaiacum (Zygophyllaceae).
FRENCH GUIANA (19) ‣ Brasenia (Cabombaceae), Asterogyne (Arecaceae), Chamelophyton, Degranvillea, Spiranthes, Chauberadiella, Sievekingia (Orchidaceae), Lutheria (Bromeliaceae), Phragmites (Poaceae), Garciemoriana (Apocynaceae), Christopheria, Cremersia, Pagothyra, Kohleria, Lembocarpus (Gesneriaceae), Russelia (Plantaginaceae), Loxopterigyum (Anacardiaceae), Amyris (Rutaceae), Hekkingia (Violaceae).
GUYANA/SURINAME (3) ‣ Chlorocardium (Lauraceae), Chorisepalum (Gentianaceae), Guaiacum (Zygophyllaceae)
GUYANA/FRENCH GUIANA (2) ‣ Brasenia (Cabombaceae), Christopheria (Gesneriaceae).
SURINAME/FRENCH GUIANA (3) ‣ Chamelophyton, Degranvillea (Orchidaceae), Lembocarpus (Gesneriaceae).
GU/SR/FG (7) ‣ Chauberadiella, Sievekingia (Orchidaceae), Lutheria (Bromeliaceae), Phragmites (Poaceae), Kohleria, Pagothyra (Gesneriaceae), Loxopterygium (Anacardiaceae).
VENEZUELA
By Stefano (Candollea, 2009) 275 families, 2,480 genera and 15,820 species of vascular plants in the country, a total that encompasses 2,964 endemic species, representing 18.7% of the country’s vascular plant species. Total number of families, genera and species for the main vascular plant groups in Venezuela
The ten largest vascular plants families in Venezuela:
Although the total number of endemic species in Venezuela is 3,056, however, the list in above includes only the species endemic to each region, for a total of 2,994 species. Estimated number of vascular plant species and endemics in the four main geographical regions of Venezuela, in relation to the total number of taxa in each region:
Endemic genera from Venezuela by region*:
Venezuela Guayana ‣ Salpinctes (Apocynaceae), Achnopogon, Chimantaea, Duidaea, Huberopappus, Quelchia, Siapaea, Tuberculocarpus, Tyleropappus (Asteraceae), Brewcaria, Steyerbromelia (Bromeliaceae), Mycerinus, Tepuia (Ericaceae), Celianella (Phyllanthaceae), Neblinantha, Sipapoantha (Gentianaceae), Pyrrorhiza (Haemodoraceae), Uladendron (Malvaceae), Mallophyton (Melastomataceae), Aracamunia (Orchidaceae), Amphiphyllum, Kunhardtia, Marahuacaea, Phelpsiella (Rapateaceae), Aphanocarpus, Cephalodendron, Coccochondra, Coryphothamnus, Duidania, Holstianthus, Yutajea (Rubiaceae), Apocaulon, Rutaneblina (Rutaceae), Achlyphila (Xyridaceae).
Andes ‣ Coespeletia, Carramboa, and Ruilopezia - all three segregated from Espeletia, Freya (Asteraceae), Stalkya (Orchidaceae).
Coastal Cordillera ‣ Margaritolobium (Fabaceae), Rojasimalva (Malvaceae), Llewelynia (Melastomataceae) and Neoblakea (Rubiaceae).
Llanos ‣ No endemic genera.
*The genera Salpinctes (Apocynaceae), Tyleropappus (Asteraceae), Tepuia (Ericaceae), Margaritolobium (Fabaceae), Llewelynia (Melastomataceae), Cephalocarpus, Yutajea (Rubiaceae) are not recognized in SSAA; Neoblakea (Rubiaceae) now occur also in Ecuador; Neblinantha and Sipapoantha (Gentianaceae) occur in N Brazil; Coespeletia, Ruilopezia (Asteraceae), Brewcaria and Steyerbromelia (Bromeliaceae) also occur in Colombia (the last also in Brazil); Quelchia (Asteraceae) also occur in Guyana. On the other hand, Orinoquia (Apocynaceae), Dasyandantha, Tamananthus (Asteraceae) and Autana (Podostemaceae) are absent from work but recognized as endemic to the country by the SSAA.
COLOMBIA
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia (BOOK, 2016) documents the presence in Colombia of 22,840 species of angiosperms, 45 of gymnosperms and 1,643 of ferns and fern allies, and a total of 24,528 species of vascular plants; of these, 769 species are cultivated, leaving 23,759 species of vascular plants native or naturalized. Additionally, 13 species of hornworts, 932 mosses, 704 liverworts and 1,674 lichens are documented, for a total of 27,860 species. At least 15 of the 769 cultivated species are already naturalized in the country, and they are now part of the wild flora of Colombia.
The total number of species in the Catalogue includes 496 species that have not yet been found in Colombia, but whose presence in the country is expected as they have been collected in neighboring areas, mostly within 10 km from the border. In many cases, as with many plants of Carchi (Ecuador) or Amazonas (Venezuela), the species has been collected in the neighboring country just across the river that marks the border.
PERU
For a list of all vascular plants in Peru, see PERU CHECKLIST, or their ADVANCED SEARCH, both from MOBOT.
BOLIVIA
For a list of all vascular plants in Bolivia, see Bolivia Checklist.
PARAGUAY
The Checklist of the endemic vascular plants of Paraguay - Peña Chocarro & De Egea (Phytotaxa, 2018) - lists 374 taxa from 52 families and 162 genera are endemic of this amable landlocked country. Paraguay Biodiversidad is an excellent natural album of plants collected in their native state in Paraguay.
PARAGUAY/URUGUAY
According to the data provided by this blog, Paraguay and Uruguay have 63 genera of angiosperms absent in Brazil across 31 families, 30 of the genera only in Paraguay, 25 only in Uruguay and 8 in both. Furthermore, 4 of the families do not occur in Brazil: Montiaceae, Polemoniaceae, Frankeniaceae e Papaveraceae.
The most remarkable of this genera is Astragalus L. (Fabaceae), the second largest genus worldwide; in Uruguay occur A. distinens Mackloskie, known from NE Argentina and Colonia, Montevideo, Río Negro, San José and Soriano departaments in SE Uruguay, mostly in sandy, open grasslands places.
Montia fontana L. posssibly introduced in Uruguay (Flora del Cono Sur/Montia fontana).
MOZAMBIQUE
The checklist of angiosperms of Mozambique includes 7,099 taxa (5,957 species, 605 subspecies, 537 varieties), belonging to 226 families and 1,746 genera. There are 6,804 angiosperms, 257 pteridophytes, and 38 gymnosperms. A total of 6,171 taxa are native to Mozambique, while 602 are introduced and the remaining 326 taxa were considered as uncertain status. The endemism level for Mozambique’s flora was assessed at 9.59 ⁒, including 278 strict-endemic taxa and 403 near-endemic. 58.2 ⁒ of taxa are herbaceous, while shrubs and trees account respectively for 26.5 ⁒ and 9.2% ⁒ of the taxa. The checklist also includes ferns (3.6 ⁒), lianas (1.7 ⁒), subshrubs (0.5 ⁒) and cycads (0.3% ⁒). Fabaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae are the three most represented families, with 891, 543 and 428 taxa, respectively (Délcio Odorico et al., PhytoKeys, 2022).
CHINA
According to an overview of higher plant diversity in China, China has 35,112 native species of higher plants belonging to 3,818 genera and 454 families. Among them, there are 3,045 bryophyte species in 602 genera and 151 families, 2,124 pteridophyte species in 176 genera and 38 families, 227 gymnosperm species in 37 genera and 8 families, and 29,716 angiosperm species in 3,003 genera and 257 families (Lisong Wang, Yu Jia, Xianchun Zhang, Haining Qin, Biodiv Sci, 2015).
Comparisons with recent estimates of global species diversity suggests that the species diversity of Chinese of the global totals of bryophytes (18%), pteridophytes (17%), gymnosperms (22%) and angiosperms (11%) account for. A total of 212 genera are endemic to China with 7 bryophytes, 2 pteridophytes, 7 gymnosperms, and 196 angiosperms. A total of 17,439 species are endemic to China including 524 bryophytes, 840 pteridophytes, 115 gymnosperms, and 15,960 angiosperms.
The top 10 families with highest species diversity are Asteraceae (227g/2,315 species), Poaceae (215/1,787), Fabaceae (141/1,631), Orchidaceae (205/1,556), Lamiaceae (103/975), Ranunculaceae (38/957), Rosaceae (53/954), Cyperaceae (32/871), Ericaceae (22/841), and Rubiaceae (94/696).
The top 12 families with highest endemic genera are Gesneriaceae (26 genera), Asteraceae (18), Orchidaceae (14), Lamiaceae (11), Apiaceae (9), Brassicaceae (9), Apocynaceae (6), Poaceae (6), Melastomataceae (5), Boraginaceae (4), Rubiaceae (4), and Ranunculaceae (4).
The top 10 genera with highest species diversity are Rhododendron (588), Carex (537), Astragalus (420), Pedicularis (363), Corydalis (357), Primula (310), Saussurea (293), Salix (279), Impatiens (274), and Gentiana (255).
The top 10 genera with highest endemic species are Rhododendron (433), Pedicularis (283), Carex (273), Corydalis (258), Astragalus (237), Impatiens (234), Primula (222), Berberis (209), Elatostema (207), and Saussurea (196). Diversity bearing with more than 5,000 species among the seven Chinese provinces is as follows: Yunnan (15,900), Sichuan (10,374), Tibet (7,629), Guangxi (7,399), Guizhou (6,405), Guangdong (5,498) and Taiwan (5,290).
Among the 17 mega-diversity countries China is ranked the fourth when ordered by total species diversity. 1,038 spp. of angiosperms was described in China between 2013 to the end of 2018 (Cai et al., PhytoKeys, 2019).
NEW GUINEA
World’s largest tropical island and has fascinated naturalists for centuries. Home to some of the best-preserved ecosystems on the planet and to intact ecological gradients—from mangroves to tropical alpine grasslands—that are unmatched in the Asia-Pacific region, it is a globally recognized centre of biological and cultural diversity. So far, however, there has been no attempt to critically catalogue the entire vascular plant diversity of New Guinea. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, expert-verified checklist of the vascular plants of mainland New Guinea and surrounding islands. Our publicly available checklist includes 13,634 species (68 ⁒ endemic), 1,742 genera and 264 families - suggesting that New Guinea is the most floristically diverse island in the world. Expert knowledge is essential for building checklists in the digital era: reliance on online taxonomic resources alone would have inflated species counts by 22 ⁒. Species discovery shows no sign of levelling off, and we discuss steps to accelerate botanical research in the ‘Last Unknown’. (Cámara-Leret et al., Nature, 2020).
AUSTRALIA
FloraBase of the Western Australia
20 NEW WORLD CROPS
Three of the 8 most produced food vegetables in the world (image below; exclude milk) are native to the New World: maize (2ª), a monocot originating in Mesoamerica; potato and cassava (7ª and 9ª, respectively), both dicot tubers originating in South America.
Among the other five in Top 8, sugar-cane, wheat and rice are Poaceae native from Old World; soybean are legumes native from Asia; and oil palm is a derivated aliment of African palm native species.
Sugarcane is the world’s largest cultivated cash crop with its incredible ability to synthesize and accumulate sucrose in its stem; present day sugarcane is a man-made hybrid clone produced from Saccharum officinarum L. (Indonesian Archipelago, absent in the natural wild conditions but was grown and maintained for a long time by the island natives) and S. spontaneum L. (Marocco to Australia, Khazakhstan to Java) with a few genes incorporated from S. barberi (Indian cane, contested taxa), and S. sinense (Chinese cane, contested taxa) and to a limited extent from S. robustum E.W.Brandes & Jeswiet ex Grassl (Wallacean cane), all from tropical Asia to Oceania (SEE).
The hexaploid wheat (AABBDD), namely Triticum aestivum L., originated in SE Turkey by archeological records, contains three different genomes each derived from different diploid species. Initially, the progenitor species containing AA (the wild T. urartu Thumanjan ex Gandilyan) and BB subgenomes (wild Aegilops speltoides Tausch.) were discovered and these were hybridized followed by a doubling of chromosomes which resulted in tetraploid fertile wheat, T. turgidum L. (cultigen, AABB). Then the T. turgidum, wild emmer, was domesticated in Fertile Crescent; afterward, T. turgidum hybridized with a diploid wild species A. tauschii Coss. which resulted in the formation of hexaploid wheat (AABBDD) in Fertile Crescent, cultigen widely distributed in world. Because of its high acceptance as an ultimate source of calories, it was spread into different parts of the world via different routes. After domestication, hexaploid wheat was cultivated and selected in diverse geographical regions for centuries which resulted in present-day cultivated bread wheat. Among diploids, einkorn wheat, T. monococcum L., is considered the first domesticated hulled wheat. The historical record shows that it was domesticated 12,000—c. 8,500 years ago in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. However, cultivated tetraploids T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell. (wheat emmer) and T. turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn. (tetraploid durum), both arose from wild ancestors (SEE).
Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa L. was domesticated from the wild rice species O. rufipogon Giff.; the domestication process began around 9,000 years ago in China, possibly in the Yangtze valley, besides the wider range of this species from India to Australia (POWO). There, early communities selected for rice plants with beneficial traits, such as enhanced seed/fruit size, better flavor, and resistance to diseases, pests, and environmental stresses (SEE).
Cultivated soybean (Glycine max subsp. max) appears to have been domesticated from its wild relative G. max subsp. soja (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Ohashi 6,000–9,000 yrs ago in China. Although the exact site of origin of soybean is unknown, S China, the Yellow River valley of central China, NE China, and several other regions (e.g., Korea and Japan) have been identified as candidate regions where soybean could have been domesticated. Chinese literature has indicated that soybean was cultivated during the Shang dynasty from 1,700 to 1,100 BC. Clearly, soybean has been cultivated much longer than the historical evidence indicates. It is commonly accepted that the current cultivated soybean was domesticated from G. max subp. soja. However, some works have suggested that soybean was domesticated from a common ancestor of these two Glycine subspecies, based on a calculated divergence time (SEE).
1. MAIZE (Zea mays L. / Poaceae: 1,148 M tons in 2021)
Maize domestication began in SW Mexico ∼9,000 calendar years before present and humans dispersed this important grain to South America by at least 7,000 years as a partial domesticate. South America served as a secondary improvement center where the domestication syndrome became fixed and new lineages emerged in parallel with similar processes in Mesoamerica. Later, Indigenous cultivators carried a second major wave of maize southward from Mesoamerica (c. 2,000 yr), hybridizing with long-established landraces from the first wave, and that some of the resulting newly admixed lineages were then reintroduced to Central America. Direct radiocarbon dates and cob morphological data from the rock shelter suggest that more productive maize varieties developed between 4,300 and 2,500 cal. BP. (SEE).
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2. POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L. / Solanaceae: 370.4 M tons in 2021)
Cultivated potatoes came from the wild species extensively cultivated in the Andean region (Peru, N Argentina and Bolivia); the domestication of cultivated potato occurs some 8,000 to 10,000 years ago, from diploid wild species (2n = 2x = 24); at first, people assumed potato as a suspicious relative of S. nigrum, a toxic species. S. stenotomum (2x) was the first domesticated potato and considered as the descendant of diploid (2x) wild species. Andean cultivated tetraploids (S. tuberosum group Andigena; 2n = 4x = 48) were produced as a result of autopolyploidization of early diploid landraces S. tuberosum groups Stenotomum [2x] and Phureja [2x]. The domestication of potato from wild species S. brevicaule complex encompasses the selection for underground traits like large tubers with diverse shapes and colour, shorter stolon and reduced bitter taste due to tuber glycoalkaloids. The oldest record of potato consumption is from the site called Jisk'a Iru Muqu, in the Western Titicaca Basin in the Andes mountains of Peru, in 3,400 B.C (NYTimes).
Potatoes were introduced to Europe from the Americas by the Spanish in the second half of the 16th century. Today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. As of 2021, potatoes were the world's seventh-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, rice, milk and oil palm; following millennia of selective breeding, there are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes. Over 99% of potatoes presently cultivated worldwide descend from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central Chile (Wikipedia).
3. CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta Crantz / Euphorbiaceae: 303.6 M tons in 2021)
Integrating evidence from comparative plant genetics and paleoethnobotanic starch analysis to contribute to the archaeology of manioc origins, this review finds that (1) the strongest candidate for the botanical origin of domesticated manioc - the wild progenitor of the root crop - is the species Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia (Pohl) Ciferri; (2) the geographical origin of manioc - the biome in which the progenitor evolved - is most likely in savanas of C Brazil (cerrado), to the south of the Amazon rainforest; (3) savanas of C Brazil (cerrado) is also, in our best estimate, the region of agricultural origin of initial cultivation; (4) domesticated manioc had spread from the agricultural origin by the early Holocene, possibly as early as 10,000 years ago, but certainly by 7000 B.C.; (5) domesticated manioc was a readily available plant in most habitats of the Neotropics by the mid-Holocene, at least some 6500 years ago (Latin America Antiquity); (6) cassava was domesticated only once, in southern Amazonia, and that no historical hybridization occurred between cassava and wild relatives in northern Amazonia (Mol. Phyl. Evol., 2009).
Cassava starches have been identified in north-central Colombia by approximately 7,500 years ago, and in Panama at Aguadulce Shelter, about 6,900 years ago. Pollen grains from cultivated cassava have been found in archaeological sites in Belize and Mexico's Gulf coast by 5,800–4,500 bp, and in Puerto Rico between 3,300 and 2,900 years ago. Thus, scholars can safely say that the domestication in the Amazon had to happen before 7,500 years ago (ThoughtCo).
21 LIST OF LINKS
IMAGE DATABANKS
Gymnosperm Database (Gymnosperms)
Manual das Palmeiras do Acre, Brasil (Arecaceae)
Encyclopedia of Bromeliads (Bromeliaceae)
Orquídeas do Rio Grande do Sul (Orchidaceae)
Plantas do Brasil: Leguminosa - Fabaceae (Fabaceae)
Euphorbia PBI (Euphorbia)
Euphorbia nos EUA (Euphorbia)
Malpighiaceae Genera (Malpighiaceae)
Malvaceae Info (Malvaceae)
e-Monograph of the Caricaceae (Caricaceae)
MelNet (Melastomataceae)
The Evening Primrose Family (Onagraceae)
67° CNBOT (Loasaceae)
NYBG/Lecythidaceae (Lecythidaceae)
Luteyn/Peñalosa: NYBG (Ericaceae)
CactiGuide (Cactaceae)
Martine Deshoges - PDF (Taxonomy of Cactaceae)
Caryophyllales (Caryophyllales)
Pilger (Santalaceae)
Calió, 2013 (Gentianaceae)
Cole & Tolke (Apocynaceae)
PLATFORMS
iNaturalist - repository of photos from different authors validated by peer recognition, rarely from herbarium, which includes animals, plants and fungi from all over the world; source of rare images and some unpublished on the open search of Google with searches allowed at various taxonomic levels and even by popular names! It has the disadvantage of, in some groups, an excess of samples cultivated in gardens and orchards.
SpeciesLink - remarkable Brazilian database dealing with animals, plants and fungi with records in herbaria or not; the search can be refined by living material and botanical family, which leads to incredible images, a good part of photo libraries, some of species that are not seen on the open internet - since the images on the platform are not traceable by Google. It rarely includes cultivated, garden, or anthropized types.
NEOTROPICAL PLANTS - IMAGE DATABASE KEW - images of various groups, mainly taken in Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais (but also Panama, Bolivia and Peru), organized by family; a disadvantage is few images per species, sometimes just a detail of the plant.
Flora de Santa Catarina - excellent work that has been showing the world a surprising diversity in this beautiful Brazilian state; many images with low contrast; includes many species in anthropic environments. It has already supported botanical publications.
FLORA DIGITAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL - records of plants collected in Rio Grande do Sul; unfortunately most are of poor quality.
FLORA DIGITAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL E SANTA CATARINA - blogspot apparently abandoned, with many records of plants from southern Brazil.
Álbuns de Alex Popovkin - very detailed collection of numerous plants (and also animals) from the Atlantic Forest in northeastern Bahia, some of excellent quality. It has already supported botanical publications.
Flore de Guyane - from French Guiana; some images with unfavorable lighting but on average second best page to view after SpeciesLink; offers the invaluable advantage of chronologically organized posts.
La Chaussette Rouge - one of the richest easy-access pages in the French Guiana Amazon; navigation without bureaucracy, but not chronologically organized.
Guia Igapó - brings many records of plants collected in the upper Rio Negro, Amazonas, but few bring the plant in a natural environment, and it seems abandoned.
Paraguay Biodiverso - light and remarkable page with beautiful records from the Chaco country; it sins for having many unidentified taxons.
Fotos de Flora Nativa e Adventícias de Uruguay - showing with high quality several species from the neighboring platine country; brings records in Uruguay of three families that do not occur in Brazil: Polemoniaceae, Montiaceae and Papaveraceae.
TROPHISMS
Ladim - site about Brazilian carnivorous plants, from USP university.
PHOTO CATALOG
Phytoimages - spectacular in natura photo catalog, although not synced with APG IV.
PlantSystematic - very similiar to link above.
Flora of the World - shows pictures of plants from all over the world, organized by family.
Ukrbin - page of Ukrainian origin, brings many excellent images from various parts of the world, especially E Europe, but few in South America.
Botany.cz/Venezuela, Roraima - several images for plants of E Venezuela region.
Roraima Tepui - some images of plants in Mount Roraima in Venezuela.
EXPEDITIONS
Bromeliário Imperialis - promotes expeditions in eastern Brazil, especially in Bahia state; good source of Bromeliaceae images.
Vertical Garden - Patric Blanc - one of the largest panels of beautiful botanical images in existence; focused on species in their original habitat across the planet.
Expedição Fitogeográfica - makes expeditions throughout South America, especially in the Center-South region of the country; little precision in species identification.
Fábio Colombini - a remarkable album of extremely beautiful Brazilian landscapes, but it does not have identifications and seals the images with an immense watermark.
VIRBOGA - brings many interesting images from around the world; in the case of Brazil, it has a great focus on the Northeast, but includes many anthropized records; also has a watermark.
22 PUBLICATIONS for publications about botany, mainly taxonomy, we have a wide range of references.
Phytotaxa
PhytoKeys
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
Taxon
Systematic and Biodiversity
Novon
Brittonia
Kew Bulletin
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
Systematic Botany
Nordic Journal of Botany
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
Havard Papers in Botany
Acta Botanica Brasilica
Biota Neotropica
Rodriguesia
Lankesteriana
Webbia
CANDOLEA
American Journal of Botany
Peerj
Edinburgh Journal of Botany
Peerj - Plant Sciene Taxonomy
Feddes Repertorium
Phytologia
Willdenowia
Bradleya
Lilloa
Darwiniana
Caldasia
Neodiversity
PlantNow
Plant Diversity
Aquatic Botany
Molecular Plant
Organisms Diversity & Evolution
Rheedea
Hacquetia
Adansonia
Plant Ecology and Evolution
Plant and Fungal Systematics
The Botanical Review
Brazilian Journal of Botany
European Journal of Taxonomy
International Journal of Plant Sciences
Aroideana
Taiwania
