UPDATED IN 13⋅06⋅2024
More than a hundred genera have a unique numerical diversity in Brazil, either because they are extremely centered in the country, weakly represented, or have only endemic species in the national total, while also existing in other countries. Below we list all the genera that fit each of these criteria.
59 genera not endemic to Brazil has 7:9 (0.7777) or more of their diversity restricted to Brazilian territory. Some genera absent from this list but with relatively high diversity in Brazil are Allagoptera (0.6666), Cyaneorchis (0.6666), Neoraputia (0.6666), Staelia (0.6666), Zygostates (0.6666), Rhabdodendron (0.6666), Camarea (0.6666), Capanemia (0.6666), Strophopappus (0.6666), Trichogonia (0.6666), Ctenanthe (0.6875), Pterolepis (0.6875), Rhipsalis (0.6888), Dahlstedtia (0.6923), Poiretia (0.6923), Caamembeca (0.6923), Lophogyne (0.6923), Cantinoa (0.6923), Mollinedia (0.6949), Madisonia (0.700), Matourea (0.700), Davilla (0.7142), Leptolobium (0.7272), Campomanesia (0.7333), Aspilia (0.7428), Discocactus, Martianthus, Leptotes, Herpetacanthus, Rhabdocaulon, Hoehnea, Gaylussacia, Casselia and Homalolepis, these with 0.75. Other remarkable genera: Thaumatophyllum (0.619).
The highest percentages of endemism are Barbacenia (0.9902), Pleroma (0.9604), Diplusodon (0.978), Marcetia (0.9722), Microlicia (0.9652), Hohenbergia (0.9615), Vellozia (0.9576), Chresta (0.9411), Leiothrix (0.9400), Huberia (0.9400), Neomarica (0.9354) and Eremanthus (0.9166).
The largest on the list, all with more than 100 spp., are Microlicia (288), Paepalanthus (258), Dyckia (219), Pleroma (177), Vellozia (118) and Barbacenia (103).
It is worth mentioning that Monimiaceae stands out for having 44 of the 48 spp. native to Brazil endemic to our country, and Wittmackia (Bromeliaceae) with 26 Brazilian endemics within their 27 Brazilian natives.
In parentheses, Brazilian endemic species ✕ total genus.
Possibly excluded: Syagrus (0.7285 in POWO).
Barbacenia (Velloziaceae - 102 ✕ 103) - almost endemic to Brazilian Plateau, highly centered in Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais state (74 spp. in this state, also in mountains and coast of Espirito Santo), only 6 reaching to NE region (only in Bahia state), 10-12 into West Center region, and one into S region (Parana state, endemic), three only in Tocantins state, and one only single spp., B. celiae Maguire, restricted of S Venezuela (Cerro Yavi) and West Roraima state, common on conglomerate outcrop, northwest escarpment of Serra Tepequem, 860-960 m alt.
Vellozia (Velloziaceae - 113 ✕ 118) - the five non endemics to Brazil are V. andina Ibisch, Vasquez & Nowicki, unique in Andean region, endemic to Bolivia; V caruncularis Mart ex. Seub., V sellowii Seub and V variabilis Mart., known in Brazil and Bolivia, mainly Noel Kempff National Park and vicinities; and V tubiflora Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f., very widespread in over range of genus.
Gomesa (Orchidaceae - 106 ✕ 124) - a centenary bigger in Oncidinae: only 4 Brazilian absents; occur also in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, with 2-3 outliers in Colombia and Venezuela.
Miltonia (Orchidaceae - 11 ✕ 12) - only one species outside Brazil, up to Paraguay and Argentina.
Phymatidium (Orchidaceae - 8 ✕ 10) - 10 spp. found in SE Brazil; one sp. edges into Uruguay and another into Argentina and Paraguay.
Zygopetalum (Orchidaceae - 12 ✕ 14) - all spp. from Brazil, two also ranging to Paraguay, northern Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru.
Cattleya (Orchidaceae - 111 ✕ 135) - a centenary bigger in Laelinae: fully South American except one sp. in Costa Rica; 119 spp. in Brazil.
Pabstiella (Orchidaceae - 109 ✕ 122) - a centenary bigger in Pleurothallidinae, and exclusive of tropical South America; only four species absents in Brazil.
Neomarica (Iridaceae - 29 ✕ 31) - 31 spp., 29 endemics to forested coast of Brazil, N. candida (Hassl.) Sprague reaching into Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay, and N. variegata (M.Martens & Galeotti) Henrich & Goldblatt, restricted to Mexico and Central America.
Syagrus (Arecaceae - 58 ✕ 74) - 73 spp. occur in South American (one species from Caribbean), mainly in Brazil (67, 58 endemics).
Dichorisandra (Commelinaceae - 42 ✕ 53) - 52 spp., highly centered in Brazil: one only in Central America and Mexico, six from Guianas up Bolivia outside Brazil, 4 in Brazil and other countries (including the very widespread D. hexandra (Aubl.) C.B. Clarke), and remaining 43 endemics to Brazil.
Vriesea (Bromeliaceae - 185 ✕ 234) - six species does not occur in South America, and 37 does not occur in Brazil.
Dyckia (Bromeliaceae - 185 ✕ 219) - a larger xeric genus from N Peru, N Chile, and center Bolivia to center Argentina, SE Bolivia, mainly Brazil (197) over Paraguay and Uruguay, and vast area in N Argentina, mainly xeric in dry areas.
Hohenbergia (Bromeliaceae - 50 ✕ 52) - the unique outsiders of Brazil are H. stellata Schult. & Schult.f. in Trinidad-Tobago to Venezuela, Curaçao, Martinique and NE Brazil, and H. andina Betancur endemic to Colombia.
Leiothrix (Eriocaulaceae - 47 ✕ 50) - the the unique outsiders are L. flavescens (Bong.) Ruhland occurs in Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guyana, Peru and Colombia, L. celiae Moldenke is exclusively to Venezuela and L. arechavaletae Ruhland is restricted for Cono Sur.
Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae - 31 ✕ 38) - 38 spp., 35 in Brazil, 31 endemics and 4 up to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and Bolivia, and 3 only in Venezuela and Guyana zone.
Cora (Eriocaulaceae - 21 ✕ 22) - all species endemics to Brazil except C. chiquitensis (Herzog) Andrino also in Bolivia, Colombia and Venezuela.
Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae - 244 ✕ 258) - all spp. endemics to Brazil - largely restricted to the rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of the Espinhaço Range and adjacent mountains, with few species in the Serra da Mantiqueira complex, and in Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) - except by 15 spp., all in subg. Platycaulon, one of them in Brazil and Peru (P. planifolius (Bong.) Körn.), and 14 fully absents, from Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela, all in Colombia except one endemic to Peru.
Atractantha (Poaceae - 4 ✕ 5) - 5 spp., four inhabit the atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) and Atlantic forest from Bahia to Espírito Santo, and A. amazonica Judz. & L.G. Clark occurs in the Amazon region of Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.
Colanthelia (Poaceae - 9 ✕ 10) - all species are endemic to SE & S Brazil except C. rhizantha (Hack.) McClure in Missiones Province in adjacent NE Argentina.
Merostachys (Poaceae - 50 ✕ 60) - one spp. occur only in Mexico, another only Central America, one from Brazil and Central America, 59 only South America, 53 in Brazil, 50 endemics (two shared Argentina and Paraguay); others species occur also in Guyana, Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia.
Raddia (Poaceae - 8 ✕ 9) - the unique outsider of Brazil is R. guianensis (Brongn.) Hitchc., from French Guiana, Trinidad and Venezuela, and also NE Brazil.
Saranthe (Marantaceae - 7 ✕ 9) - 9 spp., 8 from Atlantic Forest of SE Brazil, with S. eichleri Petersen up to adjacent Argentina, and S. urceolata Petersen endemic to Peru.
Zollernia (Fabaceae - 8 ✕ 10) - all species are endemic to Brazil except one shared with Venezuela and one absent, known only in Cono Sur.
Leptolobium (Fabaceae - 8 ✕ 11) - widely genus in tropical America.
Luetzelburgia (Fabaceae - 11 ✕ 14) - all species in this genus are national endemics: 11 in Brazil, two in Bolivia and one in Colombia.
Kielmeyera (Calophyllaceae - 48 ✕ 56) - 5 spp. in Brazil up to Bolivia, K. coriacea Mart. & Zucc. in Brazil, Bolívia and Paraguay, Peru and Bolivia one endemic each, and remaining 48 endemics to Brazil.
Castelnavia (Podostemaceae - 5 ✕ 6) - rheophytes from Tocantins River complex (Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso states), two reaching into Minas Gerais and C. pendulosa (C.T. Philbrick & C.P. Bove) C.T. Philbrick & C.P. Bove up to E Bolivia.
Peixotoa (Malpighiales - 26 ✕ 30) - only three Brazilian extends of adjacent Bolivia and Paraguay and one endemic to Paraguay.
Oxossia (Passifloraceae - 15 ✕ 17) - 17 spp. of Brazil, two up to Venezuela and Guyana, mainly in Bahia state.
Algernonia (Euphorbiaceae - 11 ✕ 12) - 12 spp., 11 restricted of dense forests of SE Brazil, centered in Rio de Janeiro state, and A. amazonica (Emmerich) G.L. Webster restricted of Amazon rainforest from Brazil and adjacent Peru in Huanuco departament.
Diplusodon (Lythraceae - 91 ✕ 93) - a Brazilian savannic genus, almost all endemic to center Brazil (all states with cerrado vegetation except Paraná and Pará, the largest number as micro-endemics of a single mountain, but centered in dry areas and savannas in Espinhaço Range), except by two, both also reported for Brazil, in adjacent E Bolivia.
Huberia (Melastomataceae - 32 ✕ 36) - the four Brazilian outsiders are all from the Andes of Peru, one of them up to Ecuador.
Microlicia (Melastomataceae - 278 ✕ 288) - no endemics to Brazil are M. benthamiana Triana ex Cogn. in Roraima state, Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana, M. windschii Versiane, D.Nunes & R. Romero in Bolivia and Brazil, and endemics in Venezuela (1), Peru (2), Bolivia (2) and Colombia (1).
Pleroma (Melastomataceae - 170 ✕ 177) - besides the extraordinary number of Brazilian endemics, this genus has one spp. only in Ecuador and Peru, another endemic to Bolivia and more five also inside Brazil, these up to Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Guianas, Bolívia and Central America.
Marcetia (Melastomataceae - 35 ✕ 36) - the unique Brazilian outsider is M. taxifolia (A. St.-Hil.) DC., also found from Colombia to Guyana.
Metrodorea (Rutaceae - 5 ✕ 6) - 6 spp., all in Brazil and endemic within, except M. flavida K. Krause, which also occur in adjacent Bolivia, Peru and Guianas.
Monteiroa (Malvaceae - 10 ✕ 11) - 11 spp., all restricted of S Brazil, except by M. glomerata (Hook. & Arn.) Krapov. in adjacent NE Argentina.
Cathedra (Aptandraceae - 5 ✕ 6) - 6 spp. from Brazil (5 endemics), with C. acuminata (Benth.) Miers up to Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and Guianas.
Tacinga (Cactaceae - 10 ✕ 11) - all species of Tacinga occur and are endemic to E Brazil except T. lilae Trujillo & Marisela, endemic to Venezuela.
Declieuxia (Rubiaceae - 24 ✕ 28) - 28 spp., all restricted of Brazil, except two up to Bolivia, one to Venezuela and Guyana, and D. fruticosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Kuntze widely distributed neotropics.
Minaria (Apocynaceae - 19 ✕ 22) - genus with one spp. only in Bolivia, two from Brazil to Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay, and 19 endemics to Brazil, most of then are confined to small areas of rocky grasslands in the Espinhaço Range, mainly in its Minas Gerais portion.
Nephradenia (Apocynaceae - 4 ✕ 5) - all species endemic to Brazil except by N. linearis Benth. ex E. Fourn. also in Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia and Guianas.
Peplonia (Apocynaceae - 11 ✕ 14) - outsiders: one from Venezuela and Guyana, P. adnata (E. Fourn.) U. C. S. Silva & Rapini from Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, one in Brazil and Guianas, and remaining 11 spp. endemics to Brazil.
Sinningia (Gesneriaceae - 79 ✕ 93) - 93 spp. (9 in Vanhouttea s.s., 6 in Paliavana s.s.), from C America to northern Argentina, but highly centered in E & S Brazil - 91, 79 endemics, 6 up to Cono Sur, only S. tubiflora (Hook.) Fritsch (Argentina and Uruguay) and S. sulcata (Rusby) Wiehler (highly rare, Bolivia) are absent in Brazil; S. incarnata (Aubl.) D.L. Denham is the only species occurring naturally north of Panamá: its range extends into Mexico.
Cyanocephalus (Lamiaceae - 22 ✕ 27) - 21 spp. mainly in savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), two extending to Paraguay and Bolivia (with C. poliodes (Briq. ex Micheli) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore endemic to Paraguai), and C. pedalipes (Griseb.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore endemic to Cuba.
Eriope (Lamiaceae - 30 ✕ 32) - all species endemics to Brazil except E. macrostachya Mart. ex Benth. and E. crassipes Benth., both extending into Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, and Paraguay.
Hypenia (Lamiaceae - 20 ✕ 25) - of the 25 spp., H. violacea Mart. Gord. & S. Valencia is endemic to Mexico and 23 occur in Brazil, 19 endemics.
Hyptidendron (Lamiaceae - 18 ✕ 22) - genus from E Brazil to Mato Grosso and Rondônia, with three species extending into E Bolivia, and H. arboreum (Benth.) Harley has a disjunct distribution in the Guiana Highlands, in Colombia and on the Peru/Bolivia border.
Medusantha (Lamiaceae - 7 ✕ 8) - the unique Brazilian outsider is M. eriophylla (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore up to E Bolivia.
Oocephalus (Lamiaceae - 21 ✕ 22) - 22 spp., all in Brazil and endemic except O. oppositiflorus (Schrank) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore is spreading into disturbed habitats and has a wider distribution, also extending into E Bolivia.
Esterhazya (Orobanchaceae - 4 ✕ 5) - all species endemic to Brazil except one up to Bolivia and Paraguay.
Athenaea (Solanaceae - 13 ✕ 14) - 14 spp., 13 endemics to S Brazil and A. fasciculata (Vell.) I.M.C.Rodrigues & Stehmann reaching into adjacent Argentina, disjunct N Bolivia with populations also in Acre state.
Stifftia (Asteraceae - 5 ✕ 6) - the single non Brazilian endemic species is S. cayenense H.Rob. & B.Kahn, endemic to French Guiana.
Chresta (Asteraceae - 16 ✕ 17) - 17 spp., 16 endemic to Brazil, mainly in northeastern, C. exsucca DC. also in dry areas in E Bolivia.
Eremanthus (Asteraceae - 22 ✕ 24) - 24 spp. from SE to NE Brazil, two of them (E. mattogrossensis Kuntze and E. rondoniensis MacLeish & T. Schumach.) reaching into E Bolivia.
Dasycondylus (Asteraceae - 7 ✕ 8) - one is restricted to Peru and Bolivia; the remaining 7 spp. of this genus are endemic to Brazil.
Grazielia (Asteraceae - 8 ✕ 10) - 10 spp. from Brazil, two also in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
Symphyopappus (Asteraceae - 13 ✕ 14) - S. apurimacense H.Rob. is endemic to Peru; the 13 remaining species of this genus are endemic to E Brazil, mainly in forests.
88 genera are not endemic to Brazil but have only endemic species in the country. The largest ones on this list are Huberia (32) and Symphyopappus (13). In parentheses the number of endemic in Brazil ✕ South Americans species absents in Brazil.
Wittmackia (Bromeliaceae) has 28 of its 29 Brazilian species as national endemics in country. Aulonemia (Poaceae) has 15 of its 16 Brazilian species as national endemics.
Magnolia (Magnoliaceae - 5 ✕ 76) - 81 spp. in South America, 76 from Venezuela to Bolivia, and 5 endemics to Brazil.
Cinnamodendron (Canellaceae - 6 ✕ 2) - 4 spp. in the West Indies (Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica and Dominican Republic, one each), 8 in tropical South America, all single nation endemics, in Venezuela (1), Suriname (1) and SE Brazil (6).
Manekia (Piperaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - three spp. of vines in this genus, M. incurva widely from Caribbean to Costa Rica, Venezuela and Peru; M. urbanii rare endemic to Haiti; and M. obtusa endemic to Atlantic Forests of SE & S Brazil.
Zomicarpella (Araceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., Z. amazonica Bogner in Amazon rainforest of N Brazil, and Z. maculata N.E. Br. in Colombia and Peru.
Lacandonia (Triuridaceae - 1 ✕ 0) - two spp., L. schismatica E. Martínez & Ramos in lowland rainforsts in Chiapas state in Mexico, and L. brasiliana A. Melo & M. Alves in lowlands in Atlantic Forest in Paraiba and W Ceara state in NE Brazil.
Codonorchis (Orchidaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two terrestrial orchids, one from Rio Grande do Sul state, recollected recently, another in cold forests in Argentina and Chile from Andes up to Tierra del Fuego.
Ida (Orchidaceae - 1 ✕ 30) - former Sudamerlycaste. 31 of 33 spp. in this genus occur in South America, all from Venezuela to Peru except I. rossyi (Hoehne) Campacci & Batista, endemic to SE Brazil.
Chysis (Orchidaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - 10 spp., 7 only from Mexico and Central America, one from Mexico to Bolivia, one only in Colombia and Venezuela, and C. guimaraensis Benelli & E. Pessoa endemic to Mato Grosso state, WC Brazil.
Homalopetalum (Orchidaceae - 2 ✕ 2) - 9 spp., mainly Mexico to Panama; 4 spp. in South America, all endemics to Brazil (2, from Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catarina states), Ecuador (1) and Venezuela (1).
Pleurothallopsis (Orchidaceae - 1 ✕ 18) - all 19 spp. occur from Costa Rica to Bolivia except P. nemorosa (Barb. Rodr.) Porto & Brade, endemic to SE Brazil.
Restrepiella (Orchidaceae - 1 ✕ 4) - one wider from S. Florida, Mexico to Colombia, and Guatemala, Colombia, Brazil and Costa Rica one endemic each; Brazilian species R. ovatipetala (Chiron & Xim.Bols.) Rojas-Alv. & Karremans is endemic to Espirito Santo state.
Luzula (Juncaceae - 1 ✕ 18) - 125 spp., cosmopolitan, 43 in New World, 19 in South America, only one in Brazil, L. ulei Buchenau, endemic to highlands of SE Brazil in Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states..
Machaerina (Cyperaceae - 3 ✕ 2) - 50 spp., Madagascar and Mascarenes to SE Asia, Malesia, SE Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Caribbean, Pacific islands to North America, Juan Fernandes in Pacific Chile and Guyana one endemic each, and three endemics to S & SE Brazil, in mountains in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro state.
Schoenus (Cyperaceae - 1 ✕ 3) - c. 100 spp., centered in Australia, S. nigricans L. subcosmopolitan, inc. North America to Mexico and Caribbean, few species occurs in Africa, Eurasia and South America - 4, three restricted of Cono Sur, and S. lymansmithii M.T. Strong, very narrow endemic in Morro da Igreja in Santa Catarina state in S Brazil.
Cryptanthella (Eriocaulaceae - 6 ✕ 8) - 14 spp., 8 from Venezuela (4), Colombia (6), Ecuador (3), Peru (4), Bolivia (2), and six endemics to S & SE Brazil.
Hydriade (Eriocaulaceae - 5 ✕ 2) - 7 spp., 5 endemics to Brazil and two in Ecuador and Peru.
Condilorachis (Poaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - three spp., one from Chile and Argentina and two in Brazil, C. brasiliensis (Hitch.) P.M.Peterson and C. juergensii (Hack.)P.M.Peterson, both endemic.
Triraphis (Poaceae - 1 ✕ 0) - 8 spp., six in Africa and Arabian peninsula, one in Australia, and T. devia Filg. & Zuloaga in Goias state in center Brazil - with only three endangered populations in mountains Veadeiros National Park.
Knowltonia (Ranunculaceae - 2 ✕ 9) - 25 spp., 13 in Tanzania to southern Africa, and 12 in Mexico to Guatemala, Ecuador to SE & S Brazil and Chile. 11 spp. in South America, two in Brazil, both endemics, in the coastal mountains of southeast country.
Luetzelburgia (Fabaceae - 11 ✕ 14) - all species in this genus are national endemics: 11 in Brazil, two in Bolivia and one in Colombia.
Cleobulia (Fabaceae - 3 ✕ 0) - a singular genus, with three species in E Brazil and one endemic to Mexico.
Erythrostemon (Fabaceae - 1 ✕ 7) - genus with 31 spp., 22 in Mexico and North America, one in Caribbean, E. calycina (Benth.) L.P.Queiroz endemic in the caatinga vegetation of Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco states), and the other seven in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Paraguay.
Mora (Fabaceae - 1 ✕ 5) - large-seed genus, mainly from Ecuador and Guianas, with two spp. endemic to Dominican Rep., and M. paraensis (Ducke) Ducke, from E Amazon region, endemic to Brazil.
Parasenegalia (Fabaceae - 1 ✕ 3) - 7 spp. in this genus, P. santosii (G.P. Lewis) Seigler & Ebinger in E Brazil, one in Guianas, two from W South America, and remaining in Mexico, Central America and Caribbean.
Hemistylus (Urticaceae - 1 ✕ 4) - 5 spp., 4 from S to Venezuela to Ecuador, with H. odontophylla Wedd. up to Mexico, and the fifth, H. brasiliensis Wedd. ex Warm., endemic to Brazil.
Crinodendron (Elaeocarpaceae - 1 ✕ 3) - 4 spp., two endemics to in Chile, one in Bolivia and Argentina, and C. brasiliense Reitz & L.B. Sm. in S Brazil, a shrub with white flowers, very narrow endemic of Bom Retiro, Santa Catarina state, in nebular forests.
Bergia (Elatinaceae - 1 ✕ 0) - two of the 25 spp. of the genus are from the New World: B. texana Seub. ex Walp. from North America and northern Mexico, and the neglected and possibly extinct B. arenaroides Fenzl, collected only twice in N Minas Gerais, one in 1816-1821, and the last in 1914.
Elatine (Elatinaceae - 1 ✕ 7) - 31 spp., cosmopolitan, North America and Mexico (7), Eurasia and North Africa (12), India/Malesia (2), S Africa (2, Zimbabwe and Namibia), Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji (1), northern & C Andes, from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile (7), and E. lindbergii Rohrb. endemic to SE and S Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Paraná states.
Excentradenia (Malpighiaceae - 1 ✕ 3) - 4 spp. from northern South America, two only in Venezuela and adjacent Guianas, another only in Bolivia, and E. primaeva (W.R. Anderson) W.R. Anderson, known only in Amazonas state in northern Brazil.
Stephanopodium (Dichapetalaceae - 7 ✕ 7) - 14 spp, a half from Venezuela to Peru, and a other half confined to E Brazil forests.
Viola (Violaceae - 3 ✕ 153) - only three of 153 spp. in South America occur in Brazil - all endemics and phylogenetically related: V. cerasifolia A.St.-Hil., V. gracillima A.St.-Hil. and V. subdimidiata A.St.-Hil.
Flueggea (Phyllanthaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - 16 spp., only three in New World: F. acidoton Griseb. (Cuba), F. elliptica (Spreng.) Baill. (Ecuador), and F. schuechiana (Müll.Arg.) G.L.Webster in Bahia and Pernambuco states in NE Brazil.
Angostylis (Euphorbiaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., A. longifolia Benth. from Brazil in Amazonas, in areas of 100 m elevation range, and A. tabulamontana Croizat from Suriname.
Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., B. pyriformis J.F.Carrión, known only from dry mountainous region in center Bahia state, NE Brazil, and B. occidentalis K. Wurdack, endemic to Peru.
Fuchsia (Onagraceae - 8 ✕ 76) - 105 spp., confined to cool, moist habitats, with nearly 3/4 concentrated in the tropical Andes, in 10 sections, with all 8 Brazilian species, all endemics, in sect. Quelusia, joined F. magellanica Lamarck from Argentina and Chile.
Huberia (Melastomataceae - 32 ✕ 4) - 36 spp., 32 endemics to E Brazil and 4 spp. from the Andes of Peru (one up to Ecuador).
Raveniopsis (Rutaceae - 3 ✕ 17) - 20 spp., 18 spp. endemic to Guayana Shield of S Venezuela (16, 14 endemics), Guyana and N Brazil (3 of them, two from Mount Aracá and one from Rondonia).
Pterygota (Malvaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - 11 spp., Central Africa (3), SE Asia (4), and four in New World, three in two countries range (Costa Rica and Panamá, Colombia and Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia) and P. brasiliensis Allemão, native to the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil from Pernambuco to São Paulo states.
Akrosida (Malvaceae - 1 ✕ 0) - two spp., notably highy disjunct, one in mountains of Dominican Republic and the blush flowered A. macrophylla (Ulbr.) Fryxell & Fuerte known only from the vicinity of Nova Friburgo in NE of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.
Spirotheca (Malvaceae - 2 ✕ 4) - 6 spp., 4 in moist mid- to high elevation forests from Costa Rica and Panama through the western Andean countries to Bolivia, and two disjuncts in coastal forests of SE Brazil: S. rivieri (Decne.) Ulbr. and S. elegans Carv.-Sobr., M. Machado & L. P. Queiroz, latter restricted of Bahia state, only found to inhabit seasonally dry tropical forest vegetation.
Gossypium (Malvaceae - 1 ✕ 5) - genus with 52 spp., with 17 in Australia, 16 in the Old World (with two domesticated species), 11 endemic to Mexico, 1 in Mexico / Arizona, 2 forms grown in the New World (G. barbadense L. and G. hirsutum L.), and with Brazil, Peru, Ecuador (Galápagos), USA (Hawaii) and Dominican Rep. with 1 or 2 spp. endemic each (6 in South America); the Brazilian is G. mustelinum (G.Watt) Miers, a extreme rare wild cotton, composed of populations dispersed in dry areas in Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Ceará and Bahia states [Silva et al. (Genet Resour Crop Evol., 2018)].
Colicodendron (Capparaceae - 3 ✕ 2) - 5 spp., two from Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, and three endemic to Brazil.
Monilicarpa (Capparaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., M. tenuisiliqua (Jacq.) X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis from N Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad & Tobago, and M. brasiliana (Banks ex DC.), X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis disjunct to E Brazil, in Bahia to Rio de Janeiro coastal forests.
Polypsecadium (Brassicaceae - 1 ✕ 14) - 14 spp. occur from Colombia to Argentina, and one in Brazil, P. brasiliensis O.E.Schulz, endemic to Santa Catarina state.
Scybalium (Balanophoraceae - 2 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., one endemic to Jamaica, another from Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, and two remaining endemics to forests of SE Brazil.
Arjona (Schoepfiaceae - 1 ✕ 6) - 6 spp., 4 of tropical & temperate S. America from Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego, Uruguay; and two in Peru and Brazil, one endemic each; brazilian species is A. megapotamica Malme, known only from high mountains of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states.
Thesium (Santalaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - 326 spp. in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, highly centered in southern Africa, and three spp. in New World, T. tepuiense Steyerm. in Venezuela and Guyana, T. aphyllum Mart. ex A. DC. and T. brasiliense A. DC. endemics to C & S Brazil, one of the more remarkable disjunctions of South America and Old World.
Leuenbergeria (Cactaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - 8 spp., three in Hispaniola, one in Cuba, 1 from Pacific coastal area from S Mexico to Costa Rica, and three in South America: L. aureiflora (F. Ritter) Lodé in NE Minas Gerais and S Bahia; L. bleo (Kutnh) Lodé in Panamá and Colombia; and L. guamacho (F.A.C. Weber) Lodé in drier regions of Colombia and Venezuela, possibly also the Dutch Antilles.
Quiabentia (Cactaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - shrubby leaf-broaded cacti, Q. zenthneri are restricted from dry areas Minas Gerais and Bahia states in NE Brazil, 2,000 km ahead theri cogeneric, Q. verticillata, from Bolívia, N Argentina and Paraguay.
Tacinga (Cactaceae - 10 ✕ 1) - 11 spp., one endemic to NE Venezuela in Lara and Sucre states, and 10 restricteds for NE Brazil; it is only opuntioid genus found in the semiarid regions of the E corner of Brazil.
Aosa (Loasaceae - 5 ✕ 2) - 7 spp., A. plumieri (Urb.) Weigend in south Hispaniola, A. grandis (Standl.) R.H.Acuña & Weigend in Costa Rica/Choco region, and five species of Brazil, four in dry areas in NE region, and one in Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro state.
Schwartzia (Marcgraviaceae - 4 ✕ 12) - 20 spp., 16 from Costa Rica through the Andes south to Bolivia, in the Caribbean Basin, and 4 in E Brazil, all endemics.
Moritzia (Boraginaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - three spp., M. lindenii (A. DC.) Benth. ex Gürke from Panama to Venezuela, and two remaining endemics to S Brazil.
Salzmannia (Rubiaceae - 3 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., one in higher elevation on the costal cordillera of Venezuela, and three species growing in the coastal dunes and restinga and forested vegetation of NE Brazil.
Gleasonia (Rubiaceae - 4 ✕ 1) - 5 spp., all endemic to the Guayana Shield, one only in Venezuela and remaining four only in Brazil, one up to S Amazon rainforest of Brazil.
Neobertiera (Rubiaceae - 1 ✕ 4) - 5 spp., all from Guiana Shield, 100-300 m elevation range, two only in Guyana, two only in French Guiana, and N. montedouradensis Delprete endemic to dense forests of Pará state, N Brazil.
Schizocalyx (Rubiaceae - 1 ✕ 6) - 9 spp., one in Central America, seven in tropical Andes, and S. cuspidatus (A. St.-Hil.) Kainul. & B. Bremer endemic to SE Brazil, found in wet to moist forests from low to middle elevations.
Augusta (Rubiaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., one from Mexico to Colombia, one in New Caledonia, one in Fiji, and A. longifolia (Spreng.) Rehder, endemic to Brazil.
Sipapoantha (Gentianaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., S. ostrina Maguire & B.M. Boom in Cerro Sipapo, in Amazonas State, Venezuela, and S. obtusisepala Lepis, Maas & Struwe endemic to SE Roraima state, Brazil.
Skytanthus (Apocynaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - three spp., S. acutus Meyen endemic of Chile from Antofagasta to Coquimbo, S. hancorniifolius (A. DC.) Miers and S. martianus (Müll. Arg.) Miers restricted of E Brazil.
Temnadenia (Apocynaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - in addition to the two Brazilian species, this genus also has one endemic to Colombia.
Hylaea (Apocynaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., H. arborescens (Monach.) J.F.Morales from S. Venezuela, and H. leptoloba (Monach.) J.F.Morales endemic to N. Brazil (Amazonas state).
Laubertia (Apocynaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - three spp., L. peninsularis Woodson from Mexico to Belize and Guatemala, L. boissieri A. DC. from Venezuela to Bolivia, and L. brasiliensis J.F. Morales, endemic to Brazil to the states of Pará and Amazonas.
Darcya (Plantaginaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - five herbal species, 4 in Central America, on up to NW Colombia, and D. vandellioides (Benth.) Scatigna, endemic to Brazil, in in open and wet, often disturbed areas of the Atlantic Forest from Bahia to Santa Catarina states.
Lepechinia (Lamiaceae - 2 ✕ 31) - 48 spp., mainly montane, Andes from Argentina and Chile northwards to Mexico and California, including Venezuela (33 in South America), with outlying spp. in Brazil (two, L. annae (Taub. ex Schwacke) Brade from Mantiqueira Range and L. speciosa (A. St.-Hil. ex Benth.) Epling from Caparao Range, both endemic).
Marthianthus (Lamiaceae - 3 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., three restricted to dry xeric scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), inc. dry montane, with an outlying sp., M. elongatus (Benth.) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore, in similar semi-arid conditions in Huarochiri, coastal Peru.
Cornutia (Lamiaceae - 1 ✕ 4) - 9 spp., of Mexico to Peru, east to French Guiana, Brazil and Caribbean; 5 in South America, C. pubescens Gaertn. only in French Guiana, C. australis Moldenke endemic to Minas Gerais state in SE Brazil (unique in Brazil), two only from Venezuela to Peru, and C. pyramidata L. from Mexico to Bolivia and Guianas.
Chamaeranthemum (Acanthaceae - 2 ✕ 0) - three spp., one in Central America and two endemics to SE Brazil.
Odontonema (Acanthaceae - 4 ✕ 12) - 29 spp., 16 in South America, 4 in Brazil, all endemic, O. amplexicaule (Nees) Kuntze in Amazon rainforest and three remaining endemics to Atlantic Forest.
Recordia (Verbenaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - two spp., R. boliviana Moldenke, endemic to Bolivia, and R. reitzii (Moldenke) V. Thode & N. O'Leary, a small tree endemic to coastal mountains in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states.
Calystegia (Convolvulaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - 25 spp., over Old World, 23 spp. in New World, from Canada and U.S.A., only three in South America, two scattered in Ecuador and Cono Sur (one also in Mexico), and C. brummittii P.P.A. Ferreira & Sim.-Bianch. endemic to Araucaria forests in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states in Brazil.
Fulcaldea (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., F. laurifolia (Bonpl.) Poir. from Peru and Ecuador, and F. stuessyi N. Roque & V.A. Funk, endemic to dry areas in Bahia state, Brazil.
Onoseris (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 28) - O. brasiliensis Cabrera is restricted to outcrops of Mato Grosso state, and the other 31 spp. of this genus occur from Mexico to the Cono Sur on the Pacific side of the New World, 29 of them in South America.
Critoniopsis (Asteraceae - 5 ✕ 66) - of the 72 spp. of the genus, 71 occur in South America; all five Brazilian species are endemics.
Dalairea (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 0) - two spp. worldwide, one endemic to South Africa, and D. aparadensis Funez & Hassemer endemic to Santa Catarina state, Brazil.
Pentacalia (Asteraceae - 2 ✕ 221) - of the 223 spp. of this genus, 207 are restricted to the Andes from Venezuela to Colombia; 17 go to Mexico or the Caribbean from South America; 1 goes from there to the Cono Sur; the only two exceptions are the two species restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, P. desiderabilis (Vell.) Cuatrec. and P. tropicalis (Cabrera) C.Jeffrey.
Stifftia (Asteraceae - 5 ✕ 1) - the single non Brazilian endemic species is S. cayenense H.Rob. & B.Kahn from French Guiana.
Epaltes (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 0) - with 7 spp. in the Old World, this genus has three species each restricted to a given New World country: one from Mexico, one from Cuba and E. brasiliensis DC. from N and NE Brazil.
Idiothamnus (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 3) - 4 spp. in this genus: one from Bolivia and Argentina, and Peru, Venezuela and Brazil one endemic each.
Ophryosporus (Asteraceae - 4 ✕ 39) - 39 of the species in this genus occur from Colombia to the Cono Sur; the remaining 4 are endemics to Brazil.
Steyermarkina (Asteraceae - 3 ✕ 1) - in addition to 3 Brazilian species, there is an endemic one from Trujillo, Venezuela.
Bejaranoa (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp. comprise this genus: B. balansae (Hieron.) R.M. King & H. Rob. from Bolivia and Paraguay, and B. semistriata (Sch. Bip. ex Baker) R.M. King & H. Rob. endemic to Brazil.
Dasycondylus (Asteraceae - 7 ✕ 1) - one is restricted to Peru and Bolivia; the remaining 7 spp. of this genus are endemic to Brazil.
Gyptidium (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 1) - Brazil and Argentina one sp. endemic each.
Sciadocephala (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 5) - genus of curious Asteraceae adapted to the extremely shady forest environment, with 6 spp.: 4 from Panamá to Ecuador, 1 in Guyana, and S. grecieliae N. Biggs & D. J. N. Hind, known only for a portion of the Amazon region of Mato Grosso state in Brazil.
Ayapanopsis (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 16) - genus with 16 of its 18 spp. in the Andes from Colombia to the Cono Sur, and with the exception of the exclusive Brazilian A. oblongifolia (Gardner) R.M. King & H. Rob.
Symphyopappus (Asteraceae - 13 ✕ 1) - S. apurimacense H.Rob. is endemic to Peru; remaining 13 spp. of this genus are endemic to E Brazil, mainly in forests.
Bartlettina (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 7) - 8 of 40 ssp. of the genera occur in South America, and are all exclusive to their country of occurrence; the Brazilian is B. hemisphaerica (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob., restricted to Rio de Janeiro state.
96 Brazilian genera have less than 1/14th of their South American diversity present in Brazil, being referred to here as underrepresented. Some genera absent from this list but with relatively low diversity in Brazil are Valeriana (0.09633), Liparis (0.09375), Cynanchum (0.0921), Clethra (0.0909), Cranichis (0.0909), Govenia (0.0909), Pescatoria (0.9090), Rumex (0.0909), Satyria (0.0909), Ardisia (0.08928), Clibadium (0.0882), Brasolia (0.0869), Brownea (0.0869), Sanchezia (0.8695), Aiphanes (0.08571), Monnina (0.0843), Crassula (0.0833), Amphydasia (0.08333), Geranium (0.0823), Gymnocalycium (0.08196), Meliosma (0.816), Duranta (0.800), Sternospermation (0.0784), Lycaste (0.7692), Tyleria (0.7692), Elaphandra (0.07692), Werauhia (0.7407), Microchilus (0.0724), Navia (0.721) and Verbesina (0.0709).
The lowest percentages of presence in Brazil are Calceolaria (0.0038), Puya (0.0044), Centropogon (0.005102), Lepanthes (0.0079), Bomarea (0.00854), Pentacalia (0.0089), Burmeistera (0.0092), Alchemilla (0.0153), Oreopanax (0.01709) and Kefersteinia (0.01960).
Doubts: Dambuerneya (Lauraceae), Andreettaea and Lankesteriana (Orchidaceae).
Highlight: Guzmania (in Brazil only 9 off 184).
Magnolia (Magnoliaceae - 5/81) - the type genus of the Magnoliophytes has 175 spp. in the New World, of which almost a half (81) occur in South America, centered in Colombia (42), which has the greatest diversity in the New World; only 5 occur in Brazil, all endemics.
Dicranopygium (Cyclanthaceae - 2/49) - 53 spp. of S Mexico to S Peru and French Guiana, and the Lesser Antilles; 49 spp. in South America; two in Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas and Acre), D. amazonicum Harling endemic, and D. imeriense Harling also in Venezuela.
Sphaeradenia (Cyclanthaceae - 2/40) - 51 spp., S Nicaragua to W Bolivia and Venezuela, and adjacent Brazil in Amazonas state, 40 spp. in South America; only two in Brazil, none endemics.
Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae - 1/117) - 124 spp., 7 exclusively from Mesoamerica (Mexico only 2), three from Central America to Ecuador, one of them also in West Indies, 113 only in South America with B. edulis (Tussac) Herb. in over range of genus, and unique species in Brazil.
Chloraea (Orchidaceae - 1/53) - 51 spp. this genus of terrestrial orchids occurs from Peru to Tierra del Fuego and the remaining two in the E Argentina, Uruguay and S Brazil (only one).
Ponthieva (Orchidaceae - 3/58) - genus with 73 spp. overall; one Brazilian species is endemic.
Comparettia (Orchidaceae - 5/83) - genus with almost all species in South America, only five in Brazil, none endemics.
Oncidium (Orchidaceae - 14/372) - 426 spp., 372 in South America, but only 14 in Brazil, one endemic.
Otoglossum (Orchidaceae - 1/28) - 29 spp. in total, centered in Ecuador, only O. arminii (Rchb. f.) Garay & Dunst. occur in Brazil.
Kefersteinia (Orchidaceae - 1/51) - only one a very enigmatic species of this genus occur in Brazil, K. mystacina Rchb. f., known only informal relacts, in Amazon region.
Stenia (Orchidaceae - 1/22) - only the wider S. pallida Lindl. from all 22 spp. in South America occur in Brazil.
Ida (Orchidaceae - 1/31) - former Sudamerlycaste. 31 of 33 spp. in this genus occur in South America, all from Venezuela to Peru except I. rossyi (Hoehne) Campacci & Batista, endemic to SE Brazil.
Pleurothallopsis (Orchidaceae - 1/19) - all 19 spp. occur from Costa Rica to Bolivia except P. nemorosa (Barb. Rodr.) Porto & Brade, endemic to SE Brazil.
Lepanthes (Orchidaceae - 6/771) - largest genus in this list, with 1,103 spp., 771 of these in South America, hypercentered in Ecuador (368) and Colombia (336), but only 6 spp. occur in the Brazilian territory, almost entirely north of the Equator, with a endemic, L. brasiliensis Pabst.
Zootrophion (Orchidaceae - 1/25) - 27 spp. overall, only a single non-endemic species in Brazil.
Masdevallia (Orchidaceae - 17/583) - only 17 of 581 spp. of Masdevallia from South America occur in Brazil - out of a total of 616 in the New World; 6 of them are endemic to Brazil.
Trisetella (Orchidaceae - 1/24) - 26 spp. overall, only a single non-endemic species in Brazil.
Platystele (Orchidaceae - 6/94) - with two species endemics to Brazil and 115 overall, this genus is highly centered in northern Andes.
Scaphosepalum (Orchidaceae - 1/46) - a typical unbrazilian from Mexico to Bolivia and Venezuela, but also in Guyana and with S. breve (Rchb. f.) Rolfe, described for Brazil only in 2008, only in small summit of Monte Roraima, northern Roraima state.
Pleutothallis (Orchidaceae - 17/606)- genus of orchids with 717 spp. in the New World, 606 in South America, only 17 in Brazil, 7 endemics.
Stelis (Orchidaceae - 51/1,072) - mega Neotropical genus with 1,210 spp., 1,072 of them in South America, 522 in Ecuador, 435 in Colombia, but only 51 in Brazil, 31 of them being endemics.
Guzmania (Bromeliaceae - 9/184) - 205 spp., from Florida to Bolivia, Brazil to Mexico, 184 in South America, few spp. in E South America; 9 spp. in Brazil, almost all only in northern Amazon rainforest, none endemics.
Racinaea (Bromeliaceae - 3/77) - 80 spp., Andean (77 in South America), mainly Ecuador, extending to Central America, Bolivia, the Greater Antilles and the Guianas, and SE Brazil (3, two endemics).
Cipuropsis (Bromeliaceae - 1/16) - a genus mainly from NW South America, from Venezuela to Peru, with C. rubra (Ruiz & Pav.) Kessous & A.F.Costa up to N Brazil.
Puya (Bromeliaceae - 1/229) - 230 spp., one only in Costa Rica and Panamá, 229 in South America (one also in Central America), 227 in Andes from NW Venezuela to NW Argentina, two in Guayana Highlands, with P. floccosa (Linden) E. Morren ex Mez, found in Tepequen Range in N Roraima state, Brazil.
Luzula (Juncaceae - 1/19) - 125 spp., cosmopolitan, 43 in New World, 19 in South America, only one in Brazil, L. ulei Buchenau, endemic to highlands of SE Brazil in Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states.
Jarava (Poaceae - 1/29) - 29 spp. from W & S South America, one up to Mexico; only J. plumosa (Spreng.) S.W.L. Jacobs & J. Everett in Brazil (only in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states), no endemic.
Cinnagrostis (Poaceae - 4/61) - 77 spp. from South and Central America (only one up to S Mexico), 4 up to S Brazil, one endemic, known only from Santa Catarina state.
Deschampsia (Poaceae - 1/22) - 47 spp., temperate and polar regions on both hemispheres, in South America (22, mainly Cono Sur, Peru and Ecuador one endemic each, D. eminens (J. Presl) Saarela up to Colombia, D. caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. in Andes from Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego and high places of SE Brazil), Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands, New Zealand (4), Tristan da Cunha Islands (4), Madeira Islands (2), Pamir Mountains (2), mountains of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (1), Cordillera Central of Hispaniola (1), Azores Islands (1), mountains of Central Mexico (1), Hawaii (1) and Kilimanjaro mountains in tropical Africa (1).
Festuca (Poaceae - 3/156) - 629 spp., temperate, polar and alpine regions on both hemispheres, Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, South Georgia Is., Kerguelen Is., Macquarie Island, tropical mountains; 218 spp. in New World, 153 in South America, three in Brazil, none endemics.
Poa (Poaceae - 6/127) - c. 500 spp., reich in weeds, high pastures, from coast up tallest mountains of world, few in sand places; 206 spp. in New World, 127 in South America (high diverse in western continent, eg. 88 in equatorial and tropical Andes, and 62 in Cono Sur); six spp. in Brazil, two endemics.
Berberis (Berberidaceae - 9/150) - 628 spp., 150 spp. in South America, extending to Tierra del Fuego and east to SE Brazil; only 9 spp. in Brazil.
Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae - 3/53) - 1,690 spp., almost cosmopolitan; in New World 124 spp. in areas with high humidity, 53 in South America, mainly in Colombia (12), Ecuador (12), Peru (32), Bolivia (18), Argentina (26), Chile (18); 3 spp. in Brazil, R. apiifolius Pers., R. bonariensis Poir. and R. flagelliformis Sm., none endemics.
Gunnera (Gunneraceae - 2/42) - only two of the 42 spp. South America in this genus occur in Brazil, G. manicata Linden ex André and G. herteri Osten, the former is endemic to the country, and the latter also occurs in Uruguay.
Acaena (Rosaceae - 5/88) - a recently expanded genus, with 97 spp., A. pinnatifida Ruiz & Pav. in California and Cono Sur, South Africa and Hawaii one endemic each, 18 in Australia and N. Zealand, and remainign 76 confined to South America and adjacent Antarctic Islands, five of then in Brazil, 3 endemics and 2 up to othern countries of continent.
Alchemilla (Rosaceae - 1/68) - 250 (-1000) spp., mainly Holarctic distribution with a centre of species richness in western Eurasia but occurs also in S India, Sri Lanka, Java, China and Japan and on the mountains of Africa and Madagascar, and 85 in Neotropics, distributed in South and Central America from Mexico and the Greater Antilles (Hispaniola) to the Andes of N Chile and Argentina. 68 spp. occur in South America, highly centered in northern Andes; only one sp. occur in E South America, A. parodii (I.M.Johnst.) Rothm., from S Brazil to S Argentina.
Maytenus (Celastraceae - 1/28) - 36 spp., 28 spp. in South America, only the southern South American M. boaria Molina occur in Brazil, in high elevations in Minas Gerais to Santa Catarina states.
Weinmannia (Cunoniaceae - 5/83) - 100 spp., Madagascar to Fiji, New Zealand, the Austral Islands, the Marquesas, 89 in New World, from Mexico to Cono Sur, the West Indies, South America (83), with the greatest concentration of species in Colombia (35), Ecuador (30) and Peru (43); 5 spp. in Brazil.
Viola (Violaceae - 3/153) - only three of 153 spp. in South America occur in Brazil - all endemics and phylogenetically related: V. cerasifolia A.St.-Hil., V. gracillima A.St.-Hil. and V. subdimidiata A.St.-Hil.
Geranium (Geraniaceae - 5/81) - only 5 spp. in Brazil, one endemic. 81 spp. in South America.
Epilobium (Onagraceae - 1/14) - 191 spp., temperate region, in tropics restricted of montate environments, including Neotropics up to Argentina; 50 spp. in New World, 14 spp. in South America, 11 from NW Venezuela to S Argentina and Chile, and E. hirtigerum A. Cunn., restricted from S Brazil, NE Argentina and Uruguay.
Blakea (Melastomataceae - 4/127) - 186 spp., tropical America, 127 in South America, highly centered in Colombia (72); only 4 in Brazil, none endemics.
Triolena (Melastomataceae - 1/21) - 28 spp., tropical America, 21 in South America, mainly Amazon rainforest; in Brazil occur only two spp., only in Acre state in Brazil territory.
Monochaetum (Melastomataceae - 1/41) - 60 spp., 19 in Mexico from Sinaloa to Central America and 41 species distributed in South America from Andes to Peru and the Venezuelan Coastal Cordillera, and are also present in the Guayana highlands, including the single species in Brazil, M. bonplandii (Kunth) Naudin, only in Mount Neblina, none endemic.
Sphaeralcea (Malvaceae - 1/14) - 53 sp., 6 in S Africa, 33 from southernmost Canada to N Mexico, and 14 in Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile, mainly in arid habitats of temperate climates, extending to tropical zones primarily at higher elevations; in Brazil occur only S. bonariensis (Cav.) Griseb, known only in Bage municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, in two small populations.
Tropaeolum (Tropaeolaceae - 4/94) - 94 spp., all occur in South America, distributed mostly in Andean countries and in the highlands of other regions (e.g. Colombia, with 28 spp., 65 in over northern Andes) up to E Brazil (4 spp., two endemics) and S Venezuela, and 4 reaches into Central America and S Mexico.
Lepidium (Brassicaceae - 3/58) - 264 spp., cosmopolitan, including Hawaii and New Zealand. 89 spp. occur in New World, 58 in South America, only three in Brazil: L. bonariense L. from S Brazil and adjacent Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, L. auriculatum Regel & Korn. from Peru to Brazil and Cono Sur, and L. didymum L. also from Peru to Brazil and Cono Sur.
Polypsecadium (Brassicaceae - 1/15) - 14 spp. occur from Colombia to Argentina, and one in Brazil, P. brasiliensis O.E.Schulz, endemic to Santa Catarina state.
Dendrophtora (Santalaceae - 3/83) - 129 spp. from S Mexico, including Cuba and the Caribbean, up to Bolivia, only three in Brazil, no endemics.
Drymaria (Caryophyllaceae - 1/22) - 22 spp. of this genus occur in South America, only the D. cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. in Brazil.
Spergularia (Caryophyllaceae - 1/19) - only S. ramosa Cambess, of 19 South American species, occur in Brazil, in southern Rio Grande do Sul state.
Arenaria (Caryophyllaceae - 1/43) - genus with 43 spp. in South America, only the widely A. lanuginosa (Michx.) Rohrb. in Brazil, no endemic.
Cleistocactus (Cactaceae - 1/20) - 20 spp. from Colombia to N Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, only C. baumannii (Lem.) Lem. in Brazil, reported from Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul states in W Center Brazil.
Caiophora (Loasaceae - 1/50) - 48 spp. from Peru to Argentina, Chile, C. arechavaletae (Urb.) Urb. & Gilg up to Uruguay and S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state, unique outside Andes) and C. contorta (Desr.) C. Presl up to Ecuador.
Freziera (Pentaphylacaceae - 2/56) - 64 spp., S Mexico to S Bolivia, E to Guyana, Caribbean, and E Brazil (2, one endemic), 56 in South America.
Geissanthus (Primulaceae - 2/50) - 50 spp., all from Venezuela to Bolivia, two up to center and SE Brazil (São Paulo state), and one up to Mesoamerica.
Cavendishia (Ericaceae - 2/83) - 114 spp., Mexico to Bolivia, E to the Guianas, Guayana Highland, NW Brazil (two, none endemics, from Amazonas state); 43 in Central America/Mexico, 83 in South America, 48 endemics to Colombia.
Disterigma (Ericaceae - 1/34) - 36 spp., highly centered in Ecuador and Colombia, reaching up to Guatemala in northern, Bolivia in south, and W Guyana in east (34 in South America); D. humboldtii (Klotzsch) Nied. occur in Mount Neblina in Amazonas state, N Brazil.
Psammisia (Ericaceae - 4/64) - 67 spp. from Costa Rica to Bolivia, E to French Guiana, Trinidad (63 in South America). 4 spp. in Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas and Pará state, none endemics).
Sphyrospermum (Ericaceae - 1/21) - 22 spp., S Mexico to N Bolivia, Guianas, Haiti and Trinidad, 21 in South America, only S. buxifolium Poepp. & Endl. in Brazil (Roraima and Amazonas state), non endemic.
Thibaudia (Ericaceae - 3/71) - 72 spp., one in Costa Rica, e 71 in N South America, three up to N Brazil (Amazonas and Roraima states), none endemics.
Hoffmannia (Rubiaceae - 2/45) - 121 spp., Mexico to to Argentina, up to Venezuela, Caribbean, 45 in South America, only two in Brazil, one endemic.
Elaeagia (Rubiaceae - 1/26) - 26 spp., Mexico to Bolivia, 21 in South America up N Brazil (only E. maguirei Standl., also in Venezuela and Guianas), east to Suriname and Caribbean.
Notopleura (Rubiaceae - 4/91) - 110 spp., Mexico to Brazil (4, one endemic), 91 in South America, also in Bolivia, Guianas, Caribbean.
Symbolanthus (Gentiananceae - 2/31) - 33 spp., Caribbean and Central America one restricted each, and 31 remaining in mountain areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia and N Brazil (two, Amazonas and Roraima states).
Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae - 1/259) - 260 spp. from Mexico to Terra do Fogo, the widely distributed C. tripartita Ruiz & Pavon. reaching into southern Brazil, all but nine (reaching into Mexico) endemic to South America (only central-american C. irazuensis Donn. Sm. absent); occurs mainly at high altitudes along the Andes but reaches sea level on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Patagonia, mainly in Peru (128, 89 endemics), Cono Sur (85, 66 restricts) and Colombia (23).
Diastemma (Gesneriaceae - 1/17) - all species in South America, only one in Brazil, D. racemiferum Benth. in Brazil, in Rondonia, possibly in Acre state.
Monopyle (Gesneriaceae - 1/16) - 22 spp., along the W Cordillera from Bolivia to Guatemala, 16 in South America, only M. reflexa (Rusby) Roalson & Boggan in Brazil, in Acre state.
Centrosolenia (Gesneriaceae - 1/15) - a genus exclusive for Guiana Shield, only one species in Brazil.
Columnea (Gesneriaceae - 6/141) - 215 spp., from Mexico south to Ecuador and Bolivia to Brazil (6, C. ulei Mansf. endemic), 139 in South America; 96 spp. in Colombia, 38 in Costa Rica.
Clinopodium (Lamiaceae - 1/40) - 100 spp., 70 in the New World, and temperate Eurasia, but a few in Africa, tropical Asia and Indomalesia; 40 spp. in South America, highly centered in Ecuador/Peru (a half of continent restricted of this zone), almost over countries, only the widely distributed C. brownei (Sw.) Kuntze reaches into southern Brazil.
Lepechinia (Lamiaceae - 2/33) - 48 spp., mainly montane, Andes from Argentina and Chile northwards to Mexico and California, including Venezuela (33 in South America), with outlying spp. in Brazil (two, L. annae (Taub. ex Schwacke) Brade from Mantiqueira Range and L. speciosa (A. St.-Hil. ex Benth.) Epling from Caparao Range, both endemic).
Stachys (Lamiaceae - 1/30) - 450-600 spp., cosmopolitan, absent in Australia and New Zealand; 96 in continental New World, c. 40 in Mexico, 30 in South America, centered in NW region, 11 in southern region, 18 from Venezuela to Bolivia, only one, S. gilliesii Benth., reaches up to Brazil (also in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Cono Sur).
Castilleja (Orobanchaceae - 1/22) - 208 spp., three in E North America, 5 in Eurasia, 30 in Central America and South America (22 in latter, including 7 annual species in Andes of Chile and Peru), and the rest in W North America, only the widely distributed C. arvensis Schltdl. & Cham. in Brazil.
Stenostephanus (Acanthaceae - 2/61) - 88 spp. in New World, from W Mexico (15) to Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil (two, one endemic), 63 in South America, with greatest diversity in Colombia (a third of genus here endemic).
Jaborosa (Solanaceae - 1/22) - 22 spp., mainly W Andes in Peru to Chile, Bolivia to S Argentina, only two reaching SE South America, with J. integrifolia Lam. up to Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil and Uruguay.
Salpichroa (Solanaceae - 1/18) - 18 spp., Andes from Colombia to Argentina, only S. origanifolia Baill. up to S Brazil.
Iochroma (Solanaceae - 1/39) - 38 spp. confined from Colombia to Cono Sur, and I. arborescens (L.) J.M.H.Shaw from Mexico to southern Brazil.
Burmeistera (Campanulaceae - 1/108) - 137 spp., from Honduras to Peru and Venezuela, highly centered in Colombia and Ecuador, 108 in South America, 76 in Colombia, 51 in Ecuador, only two up to Peru and one in Brazil, (B. ramosa E.Wimm.=)B. pallida (Drake) E.Wimm., collected in Mount Neblina.
Centropogon (Campanulaceae - 1/196) - 212 spp. over Neotropics, from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, 196 in South America, two in the Lesser Antilles; only the widespread C. cornutus (L.) Druce occur in Brazil.
Onoseris (Asteraceae - 1/29) - O. brasiliensis Cabrera is restricted to outcrops of Mato Grosso state, and the other 32 spp. of this genus occur from Mexico to the Cono Sur on the Pacific side of the New World, 29 of them in South America.
Barnadesia (Asteraceae - 1/23) - essentially Andean genus with 23 spp., and only B. caryophylla (Vell.) S.F. Blake is mentioned for Brazil - and it also occurs in Bolivia.
Mutisia (Asteraceae - 4/65) - South American exclusive genus, 4 spp. occur in Brazil, two are endemic and two are also collected for the neighboring countries in Cono Sur.
Jungia (Asteraceae - 2/29) - genus with 30 spp., one only in Mexico, one from Mexico to South America, and 28 only in our continent, but of these only two occur in Brazil, none endemic.
Hieracium (Asteraceae - 5/90) - 4,566 spp.; in the New World there are 129, 90 of them in South America, 5 mentioned for Brazil: H. commersonii Monnier shared with the Cono Sur, and all remaining endemics.
Liabum (Asteraceae - 2/30) - genus with 41 spp., Mexico, Central America, Greater Antilles, and Andes of South America, including here Venezuela and W Brazil, in forests of Acre state. L. acuminatum Rusby was identified from a 1968 collection from Acre, Brazil making it the first confirmed record of the tribe from that country; subsequently, L. amplexicaule Poepp. was recorded from the region.
Critoniopsis (Asteraceae - 5/71) - of the 87 spp. of the genus, 71 occur in South America; his only five Brazilians are all endemics.
Pentacalia (Asteraceae - 2/225) - of the 223 spp. of this genus, 208 are restricted to the Andes from Venezuela to Colombia; 17 go to Mexico or the Caribbean from South America; one goes from there to the Cono Sur; the only two exceptions are the two species restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, P. desiderabilis (Vell.) Cuatrec. and P. tropicalis (Cabrera) C.Jeffrey.
Tagetes (Asteraceae - 1/29) - 51 spp. in New World, 29 in South America, only T. ostenii Hicken in Brazil, also in Cono Sur and Bolivia.
Verbesina (Asteraceae - 10/141) - 338 spp., over New World, highest number of species in Mexico and tropical Andes, also in Chile, 141 in South America, only 10 in Brazil, 8 endemics.
Ayapanopsis (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 16) - genus with 16 of its 18 spp. in the Andes from Colombia to the Cono Sur, and with the exception of the exclusive Brazilian A. oblongifolia (Gardner) R.M. King & H. Rob.
Bartlettina (Asteraceae - 1/8) - 8 of 40 spp. of the genera occur in South America, and are all exclusive to their country of occurrence; the Brazilian is B. hemisphaerica (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob., restricted to Rio de Janeiro state.
Hebeclinium (Asteraceae - 1/25) - 29 spp., neotropics, 25 in South America, only one in Brazil, the widely distributed H. macrophyllum (L.) DC.
Viburnum (Adoxaceae - 1/33) - 203 spp., 86 in New World, 28 in South America, all species are restricted tropical Andes except V. tinoides L., which occur in Guiana Highlands, in Venezuela, Guyana and Amazonas state in Brazil (only in Mount Aracá), also in Colombia and E Venezuela.
Oreopanax (Araliaceae - 2/117) - 141 spp. over mountainous areas of Neotropics, especially above 1,500 m in the Andes; only two spp. in E Brazil, O. fulvus (Jacq.) Decne. & Planch. endemic and O. capitatus Marchal, ranging from S Mexico to Brazil.
Sciodaphyllum (Araliaceae - 4/123) - 143 spp., 19 restricted of Costa Rica and Panamá, 4 only Caribbean, 2 in both South and Central America (or Caribbean), and remaining 118 only in South America, with high diversities in Colombia (58), Ecuador (32), Venezuela (25), Panamá (21), Peru (23) and Bolivia (12); wide range of humid or seasonally moist habitats, from sea level to nearly 3500 m elevation. 6 spp. in Brazil, none endemics and shared with only Venezuela except S. sprucei Seem. shared with Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.
UPDATES BRAZILIAN HIPERCENTRATE GENERA
18⋅05⋅2024 ‣ ROOT LIST
UPDATES BRAZILIAN SEMIENDEMIC GENERA
13⋅06⋅2024 ‣ inclusion of Knowltonia (Ranunculaceae).
13⋅06⋅2024 ‣ inclusion of Magnolia, and exclusion of Williamodendron and Bielschmiedia, both Lauraceae.
UPDATES BRAZILIAN UNDERREPRESENTED GENERA
13⋅06⋅2024 ‣ updates in Gunnera, Viburnum, Burmeistera and Centropogon.
13⋅06⋅2024 ‣ updates in Oreopanax and Sciodaphyllum (Araliaceae).