UPDATED IN 13⋅06⋅2024
More than a hundred genera have a unique numerical diversity in Brazil, either because they are extremely centered in the country, weakly represented, or have only endemic species in the national total, while also existing in other countries. Below we list all the genera that fit each of these criteria.
59 genera not endemic to Brazil has 76 ⁒ or more of their diversity totally restricted to Brazilian territory. Some genera absent from this list but with relatively high diversity in Brazil are Lophogyne (61.53 ⁒), Thaumatophyllum (61.9 ⁒), Capanemia (62.5 ⁒), Staelia (63.15 ⁒), Zygostates (63.33 ⁒), Allagoptera (66 ⁒), Cyaneorchis (66 ⁒), Ctenanthe (66 ⁒), Neoraputia (66 ⁒), Rhabdodendron (66 ⁒), Caamembeca (69.23 ⁒), Mollinedia (69.49 ⁒), Madisonia (70 ⁒), Trichogonia (70 ⁒), Pterolepis (70.58 ⁒), Davilla (71.42 ⁒), Homalolepis (71.42 ⁒), Syagrus (71.83 ⁒), Gaylussacia (74.13 ⁒), Campomanesia (74.41 ⁒), Poiretia (75 ⁒), Martianthus (75 ⁒), Rhabdocaulon (75 ⁒), Casselia (75 ⁒), Grazielia (75 ⁒), and Rhipsalis (75.55 ⁒).
The highest percentages of endemism are Barbacenia (99.09 ⁒), Pleroma (95.5 ⁒), Diplusodon (98.07 ⁒), Marcetia (97.22 ⁒), Microlicia (96.52 ⁒), Vellozia (96.42 ⁒), Hohenbergia (96.22 ⁒), Leiothrix (94.87 ⁒), Chresta (94.11 ⁒), Neomarica (93.54 ⁒), Eremanthus (92 ⁒), and Huberia (89.18 ⁒). The largest on the list (over 100), are Microlicia (288), Paepalanthus (258), Dyckia (219), Pleroma (177), Vellozia (118) and Barbacenia (103). It is worth mentioning that Monimiaceae stands out for having 44 of the 48 spp. native to Brazil endemic to our country (91.66 ⁒), and Wittmackia (Bromeliaceae) with 26 Brazilian endemic within their 27 Brazilian natives.
In parentheses, Brazilian endemic species ✕ total genus
LILIANAE (22 GENERA)
Barbacenia (Velloziaceae - 110 ✕ 111) - 111 spp., 110 endemic to Brazilian Plateau, highly centered in Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais state (74 spp. in this state, also in mountains and coast of Espírito Santo), only 6 reaching to NE region (only in Bahia state), 10-12 into WC region, and one into S region (Paraná state, endemic), three only in Tocantins state, and one only single spp., B. celiae Maguire, restricted of south Venezuela (Cerro Yavi) and W Roraima state, common on conglomerate outcrop, northwest escarpment of Serra Tepequem, Roraima, Brazil, 860-960 m alt.
Vellozia (Velloziaceae - 113 ✕ 118) - 140 spp., 135 endemic to Brazil, V. andina Ibisch, Vasquez & Nowicki endemic to Bolivia, V. caruncularis Mart ex. Seub., V. sellowii Seub and V. alutacea Pohl., known in Brazil and Bolivia, mainly Noel Kempff National Park and vicinities; and V. tubiflora Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f., widely distributed from Panama to SE Brazil.
Gomesa (Orchidaceae - 95 ✕ 125) - a centenary bigger in Oncidinae, 125 spp. with a centre of distribution in Brazil (117, 95 endemic), particularly in the Atlantic Forest, but extending to Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, with two outliers in Colombia and Venezuela and one in both areas.
Miltonia (Orchidaceae - 10 ✕ 12) - 12 spp. endemic to Brazil except one up to Argentina and Paraguay and one disjunct in Venezuela, at lower elevations (200–1,000m) in relatively shaded sites with high humidity.
Phymatidium (Orchidaceae - 8 ✕ 9) - nine spp. found in SE Brazil, one into Uruguay and Argentina and Paraguay, growing epiphytically at 150–1,850m in humid forests.
Cattleya (Orchidaceae - 109 ✕ 134) - a centenary bigger in Laelinae, 134 spp., 133 in South America, one only America Central. 118 spp. in Brazil, 109 endemic.
Leptotes (Orchidaceae - 8 ✕ 10) - 10 spp., all from Brazil, L. bicolor Lindl. extends up to Paraguay, and L. unicolor Barb.Rodr. up to Argentina and Paraguay, mainly in the Atlantic forest of SE Brazil, from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul State.
Pabstiella (Orchidaceae - 118 ✕ 133) - a centenary bigger in Pleurothallidinae, 133 spp., ranging from southern Colombia to Peru, Venezuela, Suriname, Brazil (127, 118 endemic), and Argentina (Misiones), two of then up to America Central (one exclusive), 132 in South America.
Neomarica (Iridaceae - 29 ✕ 31) - 31 spp., 29 endemic to forested coast of Brazil, N. candida (Hassl.) Sprague reaching into Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay, and N. variegata (M.Martens & Galeotti) Henrich & Goldblatt, restricted to Mexico and America Central.
Dichorisandra (Commelinaceae - 49 ✕ 57) - 57 spp., one in Mexico and America Central, three from Colombia to Bolivia, one in Venezuela to Guyana; three in Brazil and widely in South America (D. hexandra (Aubl.) C.B.Clarke, D. pubescens Mart. and D. villosula Mart.), and remaining 49 endemic to Brazil.
Vriesea (Bromeliaceae - 185 ✕ 234) - 234 spp., 230 in South America, E Brazil (196, 185 endemic) extending to NW Argentina, SE Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela and Caribbean, some in America Central.
Dyckia (Bromeliaceae - 194 ✕ 237) - 237 spp., C, E & S Brazil (206, 194 endemic, highly endemic in southern Brazil and Espinhaço Range), N Peru, northern Chile, and center Bolivia to center Argentina, SE Bolivia, over Paraguay and Uruguay, and vast area in N Argentina.
Hohenbergia (Bromeliaceae - 51 ✕ 53) - 53 spp., 51 endemic to E Brazil, H. stellata Schult. & Schult.f. in Trinidad-Tobago to Venezuela, Curaçao, Martinique and NE Brazil, and H. andina Betancur endemic to Colombia.
Leiothrix (Eriocaulaceae - 37 ✕ 39) - 39 spp., L. flavescens (Bong.) Ruhland occurs in Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guyana, Peru and Colombia, L. celiae Moldenke is exclusively to Venezuela, and the remaining 47 taxa are endemic to small mountainous areas in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Bahia.
Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae - 31 ✕ 38) - 38 spp., 35 in Brazil (31 endemic), including four up to Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Guyana and Suriname, and three restricteds for Venezuela and Guyana.
Cora (Eriocaulaceae - 21 ✕ 22) - 22 spp., all endemic to Brazil except C. chiquitensis (Herzog) Andrino, knwon also from Bolivia, Colombia and Venezuela.
Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae - 229 ✕ 258) - 258 spp., all endemic to Brazil - largely restricted to the rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of the Espinhaço Range and adjacent mountains, with few species in the Serra da Mantiqueira complex, and in Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) - except by 15 spp., all in subg. Platycaulon, one of them in Brazil and Peru (P. planifolius (Bong.) Körn.), and 14 fully unknown in country, from Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela.
Atractantha (Poaceae - 4 ✕ 5) - 5 spp., four inhabit the atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas) and Atlantic forest from Bahia to Espírito Santo, at elevations from 0 to 650 m, and A. amazonica Judz. & L.G. Clark occurs in the Amazon region of Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.
Colanthelia (Poaceae - 9 ✕ 10) - 11 spp., all endemic to Atlantic Forest (sea level to taller mountains) in SE & S Brazil except C. rhizantha (Hack.) McClure, known also in Missiones Province in adjacent NE Argentina.
Merostachys (Poaceae - 50 ✕ 60) - 59 spp. in tropical America, 56 in South America, 51 in Brazil, 48 endemic (three shared Argentina and Paraguay). Others species occur also in Guyana, Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia.
Raddia (Poaceae - 8 ✕ 9) - 9 spp., 8 endemic to Brazil and R. guianensis (Brongn.) Hitchc. within and reaching from French Guiana, Trinidad and Venezuela, and also NE Brazil.
Saranthe (Marantaceae - 9 ✕ 10) - 10 spp. from Atlantic Forest of SE Brazil, with S. eichleri Petersen up to adjacent Argentina and Paraguay.
ROSANAE (14 GENERA)
Luetzelburgia (Fabaceae - 11 ✕ 14) - all species in this genus are national endemic: 11 in Brazil, two in Bolivia and one in Colombia.
Kielmeyera (Calophyllaceae - 47 ✕ 55) - 55 spp., five in Brazil up to Bolivia, K. coriacea Mart. & Zucc. in Brazil, Bolívia and Paraguay, also Peru and Bolivia one endemic each, and remaining 47 endemic to Brazil.
Castelnavia (Podostemaceae - 10 ✕ 12) - 12 spp., mainly from from Tocantins flow net hydric (Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso states), two reaching into Minas Gerais state, one up to E Bolivia, another up to Suriname.
Camarea (Malpighiaceae - 8 ✕ 9) - nine spp. from Brazil, all endemic except C. affinis A. St.-Hil., known also from S Guyana, Suriname and savannas of Brazil and Paraguay.
Peixotoa (Malpighiaceae - 25 ✕ 29) - 29 spp., 28 in Brazil, only three extending of adjacent Bolivia and Paraguay, and one endemic to Paraguay.
Oxossia (Passifloraceae - 13 ✕ 15) - 15 spp. of Brazil, all endemic except two up to Venezuela and Guyana.
Algernonia (Euphorbiaceae - 10 ✕ 12) - 12 spp., 10 restricted of dense forests of SE Brazil, centered in Rio de Janeiro state, and two restricted of Amazon rainforest from Brazil and adjacent Peru in Huanuco departament.
Diplusodon (Lythraceae - 91 ✕ 93) - 104 spp. from Brazilian savannas, almost all endemic to center Brazil (all states with cerrado vegetation except Paraná and Pará, the largest number as micro-endemic of a single mountain, but centered in dry areas and savannas in Espinhaço Range), except by two, both reported also in adjacent E Bolivia, D. virgatus Pohl and D. bolivianus T.B. Cavalc. & S.A. Graham.
Huberia (Melastomataceae - 33 ✕ 37) - 37 spp., 33 endemic to E Brazil, most of them are from high elevation grasslands more 1,000 m in the Atlantic Forest in E Brazil, with a few species occurring also at sea level, and 4 spp. from the Andes of Peru (1,200–3,350 m elevation, one up to Ecuador).
Microlicia (Melastomataceae - 278 ✕ 288) - 288 spp., 278 endemic to Brazil, M. benthamiana Triana ex Cogn. in Roraima state, Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana, M. windschii Versiane, D.Nunes & R. Romero in Bolivia and Brazil, seven outside country, endemic in Bolivia (3), Peru (2), Venezuela (1) and Colombia (1).
Pleroma (Melastomataceae - 178 ✕ 170) - 178 spp., one in Puerto Rico, 177 in South America, one only in Ecuador and Peru, another endemic to Bolivia, and remaining 175 in E Brazil in Atlantic Forest and savannas of center Brazil (cerrado), and rarely in dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), 170 endemic and 5 also outside Brazil, up to Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Guianas, Bolívia and America Central.
Marcetia (Melastomataceae - 35 ✕ 36) - 36 spp., confined to Brazil except by and M. taxifolia (A. St.-Hil.) DC., which has a wide and disjunct distribution between E Brazil and NW South America (Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana).
Metrodorea (Rutaceae - 5 ✕ 6) - 6 spp., all in Brazil and endemic within except M. flavida K. Krause, which also occur in adjacent Bolivia, Peru and Guianas.
Monteiroa (Malvaceae - 10 ✕ 11) - 11 spp., all restricted of S Brazil except by M. glomerata (Hook. & Arn.) Krapov. in adjacent NE Argentina.
SANTALANAE (1 GENUS)
Cathedra (Aptandraceae - 5 ✕ 6) - six spp. from Brazil (5 endemic), with C. acuminata (Benth.) Miers up to Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and Guianas.
CARYOPHYLLANAE (2 GENERA)
Discocactus (Cactaceae - 12 ✕ 15) - 15 spp., 12 endemic to Brazil, two from Brazil to Bolivia and Paraguay, and one endemic to Bolivia.
Tacinga (Cactaceae - 10 ✕ 11) - all 11 species of Tacinga occur and are endemic to E Brazil except T. lilae Trujillo & Marisela, endemic to coastal Venezuela.
ASTERANAE (20 GENERA)
Declieuxia (Rubiaceae - 24 ✕ 28) - 29 spp., all restricted of Brazil except two up to Bolivia, one to Venezuela and Guyana, and D. fruticosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Kuntze, widely distributed in neotropics.
Minaria (Apocynaceae - 19 ✕ 22) - 22 spp., one only in Bolivia, two from Brazil to Bolivia and Argentina, and 19 endemic to Brazil, most of then are confined to small areas of rocky grasslands in the Espinhaço Range, mainly in its Minas Gerais portion.
Nephradenia (Apocynaceae - 4 ✕ 5) - all five species endemic to Brazil except by N. linearis Benth. ex E. Fourn. also in Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia and Guianas.
Peplonia (Apocynaceae - 8 ✕ 9) - nine spp. from Brazil (Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul), P. adnata (E. Fourn.) U. C. S. Silva & Rapini up to Peru and Bolivia.
Sinningia (Gesneriaceae - 83 ✕ 97) - 97 spp. from America Central to N Argentina, highly centered in E & S Brazil (95, 83 endemic, six up to Cono Sur) — only S. tubiflora (Hook.) Fritsch (Argentina and Uruguay) and S. sulcata (Rusby) Wiehler (highly rare, Bolivia) are unknown in Brazil.
Cyanocephalus (Lamiaceae - 22 ✕ 27) - 27 spp., 22 exclusive from savannas of C Brazil (cerrado), four extending to Paraguay and Bolivia, and C. pedalipes (Griseb.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore endemic to Cuba.
Cantinoa (Lamiaceae - 18 ✕ 26) - 26 spp., Florida and Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay, and Caribbean, 25 in South America, 24 in Brazil, 4 up to neighbouring countries (Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay), and 18 endemic.
Eriope (Lamiaceae - 30 ✕ 32) - 32 spp., all in Brazil, 30 endemic, E. macrostachya Mart. ex Benth. and E. crassipes Benth. extending into Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, and Paraguay.
Hypenia (Lamiaceae - 21 ✕ 26) - 26 spp., H. violacea Mart. Gord. & S. Valencia endemic to Mexico and 25 in Brazil, 21 endemic, H. salzmannii (Benth.) Harley extending from NE Brazil up to Guiana Shield; and three reaching from Brazil to Bolivia and Paraguay.
Hyptidendron (Lamiaceae - 18 ✕ 22) - 22 spp., from E Brazil to Mato Grosso and Rondônia, three extending into E Bolivia, and H. arboreum (Benth.) Harley, of forest margins, has a disjunct distribution in the Guiana Shield, in Colombia and on the Peru/Bolivia border.
Medusantha (Lamiaceae - 7 ✕ 8) - 8 spp., 7 endemic to E Brazil and M. eriophylla (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore up to E Bolivia.
Oocephalus (Lamiaceae - 21 ✕ 22) - 22 spp. from Brazil, typically in rocky grasslands (campos rupestres) of the Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais and Bahia and in similar habitats in Goiás, O. oppositiflorus (Schrank) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore is spreading into disturbed habitats in E Bolivia.
Herpetacanthus (Acanthaceae - 21 ✕ 22) - 21 spp., two only in Ecuador, one only Costa Rica, H. panamensis Leonard in Honduras, Nicaragua e Panama, H. rotundatus (Lindau) Bremek. in Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and all 16 remaining species endemic to Brazil, 14 of these from the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, from southern Bahia to São Paulo state.
Esterhazya (Orobanchaceae - 5 ✕ 6) - six spp. from Brazil (5 endemic), E. splendida J.C. Mikan up to Paraguay and Bolivia.
Athenaea (Solanaceae - 13 ✕ 14) - 14 spp., 13 endemic to S Brazil and A. fasciculata (Vell.) I.M.C.Rodrigues & Stehmann, reaching into adjacent Argentina, disjunct N Bolivia and adjacent Acre state.
Stifftia (Asteraceae - 5 ✕ 6) - six spp., 5 found in the tropical forest of E Brazil with two additional species found in the rainforests of northern Brazil, and one restricted of French Guiana.
Chresta (Asteraceae - 16 ✕ 17) - 17 spp., 16 endemic to Brazil, C. exsucca DC. also in drya areas from Bolivia.
Eremanthus (Asteraceae - 23 ✕ 25) - 255 spp. from SE to NE Brazil, two of them (E. mattogrossensis Kuntze and E. rondoniensis MacLeish & T. Schumach.) reaching into E Bolivia.
Dasycondylus (Asteraceae - 8 ✕ 9) - 9 spp., 8 endemic to Brazil and one restricted of Bolivia and Peru.
Symphyopappus (Asteraceae - 13 ✕ 14) - 13 spp. from Brazil (Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul state), S. apurimacense H.Rob. up to Peru.
81 genera are not endemic to Brazil but have only endemic species in the country. The largest in this list is Huberia (32). Wittmackia (Bromeliaceae) has 28 of its 29 Brazilian species as national endemic in country. Aulonemia (Poaceae) has 15 of its 16 Brazilian species as national endemic. All Elatinaceae (2/2) in Brazil are endemic.
In parentheses the number of endemic in Brazil ✕ South American species absents in Brazil.
MAGNOLIANAE (2 GENERA)
Cinnamodendron (Canellaceae - 6 ✕ 2) - 12 spp., 4 in Caribbean (Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica and Dominican Republic, one each) and 8 in tropical South America: Venezuela (1), Suriname/French Guiana (1) and SE Brazil (6).
Manekia (Piperaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - 3 spp.,, M. incurva widely from Caribbean to Costa Rica, Venezuela and Peru; M. urbanii rare endemic to Haiti; and M. obtusa endemic to Atlantic Forests of SE & S Brazil.
LILIANAE (14 GENERA)
Lacandonia (Triuridaceae - 1 ✕ 0) - two spp., L. schismatica E. Martínez & Ramos in lowland rainforsts in Chiapas state in S Mexico, and L. brasiliana A. Melo & M. Alves in lowlands in Atlantic Forest in Paraiba and W Ceara state in NE Brazil.
Codonorchis (Orchidaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., C. canisioi Mansf. restricted S in Brazil, low mountains near the Atlantic coast, around São Leopoldo municipality in Rio Grande do Sul state (known only type collection), and C. lessonii (Brongn.) Lindl. in Argentina, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), and Chile, occupying temperate to cold regions, along the Andes to Tierra del Fuego and Malvinas (Falkland) Islands.
Ida (Orchidaceae - 1/43) - former Sudamerlycaste. 43 of 45 spp. in this genus occur in South America, all from Venezuela to Peru except I. rossyi (Hoehne) Campacci & Batista, endemic to SE Brazil.
Chysis (Orchidaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - 13 spp., 10 only from Mexico and America Central, one from Mexico to Bolivia, one only in Colombia and Venezuela, and C. guimaraensis Benelli & E. Pessoa endemic to Mato Grosso state, WC Brazil.
Homalopetalum (Orchidaceae - 2 ✕ 2) - 10 spp., mainly from Mexico to Panama. 5 spp. in South America, in Ecuador (1), Brazil (2, both endemic, from Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catarina states) and Venezuela (1).
Pleurothallopsis (Orchidaceae - 1/19) - 20 spp., 19 from Costa Rica to Bolivia (all these in South America) plus P. nemorosa (Barb. Rodr.) Porto & Brade, endemic to SE Brazil.
Restrepiella (Orchidaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - three spp., one wider from S Florida and Mexico to Colombia, one in Colombia, and R. ovatipetala (Chiron & Xim.Bols.) Rojas-Alv. & Karremans, endemic to Espírito Santo state, SE Brazil.
Luzula (Juncaceae - 1/19) - 123 spp., cosmopolitan, 43 in New World, 19 in South America, only one in Brazil, L. ulei Buchenau, endemic to highlands of SE Brazil in Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states.
Machaerina (Cyperaceae - 3 ✕ 2) - 52 spp., Madagascar and Mascarenes to SE Asia, Malesia, SE Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Caribbean, Pacific islands to North America and South America. 10 spp. in New World, 5 in Caribbean, Juan Fernandes (in Pacific Chile) and Guyana one endemic each, and three endemic to S & SE Brazil, in swamps and open fields from mountains in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro state, in wetlands, sometimes as floating mats, or in woodlands, often at high altitudes.
Schoenus (Cyperaceae - 1 ✕ 3) - 154 spp., centered in Australia, few in Africa, Eurasia and New World (5). Only one in Brazil, S. lymansmithii M.T. Strong, very narrow endemic in Morro da Igreja in Santa Catarina.
Cryptanthella (Eriocaulaceae - 6 ✕ 8) - 14 spp., 8 from Venezuela (4), Colombia (6), Ecuador (3), Peru (4), Bolivia (2), and six endemic to S & SE Brazil.
Hydriade (Eriocaulaceae - 5 ✕ 2) - 7 spp., 5 endemic to Brazil and two in Ecuador and Peru.
Condilorachis (Poaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - three spp., one from Argentina and Chile, and two in Brazil, C. brasiliensis (Hitch.) P.M.Peterson and C. juergensii (Hack.)P.M.Peterson, both endemic.
Triraphis (Poaceae - 1 ✕ 0) - 8 spp., six in Africa and Arabian peninsula, one in Australia, and T. devia Filg. & Zuloaga in Goias state in center Brazil - with only three endangered populations in mountains Veadeiros National Park.
RANUNCULANAE (1 GENUS)
Knowltonia (Ranunculaceae - 2 ✕ 9) - 25 spp., 13 in Tanzania to southern Africa, 10 in Mexico to Guatemala, Ecuador Argentina and Chile, and two endemic to coastal mountains of SE Brazil.
ROSANAE (24 GENERA)
Luetzelburgia (Fabaceae - 11 ✕ 14) - all species in this genus are national endemic: 11 in Brazil, two in Bolivia and one in Colombia.
Cleobulia (Fabaceae - 3 ✕ 0) - 4 spp., one endemic to Mexico and three endemic to Brazil, in tropical Amazonian rain forest, seasonally dry forest, oak and pine forest.
Erythrostemon (Fabaceae - 1 ✕ 7) - 32 spp., 23 in S USA and Mexico, one in Caribbean, 8 in South America, with E. calycina (Benth.) L.P.Queiroz endemic in dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga) in Bahia and Pernambuco states, and the other seven in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Paraguay.
Mora (Fabaceae - 1 ✕ 5) - six spp., two from W Surinam through Guyana to the Orinoco Delta in Venezuela (one extending to Trinidad), M. oleifera (Triana ex Hemsl.) Ducke from Nicaragua to Ecuador, M. paraensis (Ducke) Ducke from the delta of the Amazon in Brazil, and two endemic to the Hispaniola.
Parasenegalia (Fabaceae - 5 ✕ 2) - 11 spp., tropical areas of the New World, three species restricted to the Caribbean, one in Belize and Guatemala, 2 in W South America and 5 endemic to E Brazil.
Crinodendron (Elaeocarpaceae - 1 ✕ 3) - 4 spp., two endemic to in Chile, one in Bolivia and Argentina, and C. brasiliense Reitz & L.B. Sm. in S Brazil, a shrub with white flowers, very narrow endemic of Bom Retiro municipality, Santa Catarina state, in nebular forests.
Bergia (Elatinaceae - 1 ✕ 0) - 29 spp., mostly Old World, centered in S Africa, also in SE Asia (5) and Malesia and Australia (2), three spp. in the New World, B. texana Seub. ex Walp.Washington (USA) to N Mexico, one endemic to Cuba, and the little-known B. arenaroides Fenzl, endemic to Brazil, known only two sets in N Minas Gerais state, collecteds in 1816-1821 and the last in 1914, possibly extinct.
Elatine (Elatinaceae - 1 ✕ 7) - 28 spp., cosmopolitan, Eurasia and North Africa (12), India/Malesia (2), S Africa (2, Zimbabwe and Namibia), Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji (1), 15 in New World, North America and Mexico (6, 5 exclusive, one also in Arctc Eurasia), 5 in Andes from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile, E. brachysperma A.Gray disjunct in North America, Peru to NE Argentina, one in NE Argentina, and E. lindbergii Rohrb. endemic to SE and S Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Paraná states.
Excentradenia (Malpighiaceae - 1 ✕ 3) - 4 spp. from northern South America, two only in Venezuela and adjacent Guianas, another only in Bolivia, and E. primaeva (W.R. Anderson) W.R. Anderson, a rare plant in Brazil, by Plantas Raras do Brasil’s book, only in Amazonas state in northern Brazil.
Stephanopodium (Dichapetalaceae - 7 ✕ 6) - 14 spp. (13 in South America), 7 from Nicaragua to Peru, and 7 endemic to Atlantic Forest of SE Brazil from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states.
Viola (Violaceae - 3/152) - 691 spp. worldwide, only three of 152 spp. in South America occur in Brazil - all endemic and phylogenetically related: V. cerasifolia A.St.-Hil., V. gracillima A.St.-Hil. and V. subdimidiata A.St.-Hil.
Flueggea (Phyllanthaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - 16 spp., only three in New World: F. acidoton Griseb. endemic to Cuba, F. elliptica (Spreng.) Baill. endemic to Ecuador, and F. schuechiana (Müll.Arg.) G.L.Webster in Bahia and Pernambuco states in NE Brazil.
Angostylis (Euphorbiaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., A. longifolia Benth. from Amazonas state in N Brazil, in areas of 100 m elevation range, and A. tabulamontana Croizat endemic to Suriname.
Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., B. pyriformis J.F.Carrión, known only from dry mountainous region in C Bahia state, NE Brazil, and B. occidentalis K. Wurdack, endemic to Andes from NW Peru.
Fuchsia (Onagraceae - 8 ✕ 76) - 107 spp., 5 in New Zealand and Tahiti and 102 spp. in New World, 85 in South America, concentrated in the tropical Andes, 8 in Brazil, all endemic to Atlantic Forest.
Huberia (Melastomataceae - 33 ✕ 4) - 37 spp., 33 endemic to E Brazil, most of them are from high elevation grasslands more 1,000 m in the Atlantic Forest in E Brazil, with a few species occurring also at sea level, and 4 spp. from the Andes of Peru (1,200–3,350 m elevation, one up to Ecuador).
Raveniopsis (Rutaceae - 3 ✕ 17) - 20 spp., 18 spp. endemic to Guayana Shield of S Venezuela (16, 14 endemic), Guyana and N Brazil (3, all endemic, two from Mount Aracá and one from Rondonia).
Pterygota (Malvaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - 21 spp., 17 in Africa and Asia (4), and four in New World, three in double-countries-range (Costa Rica/Panama, Colombia/Venezuela, Peru/Bolivia), and P. brasiliensis Allemão, native to the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil from Pernambuco to São Paulo states.
Akrosida (Malvaceae - 1 ✕ 0) - two spp., notably highy disjunct, one in mountains of Republica Dominicana, and A. macrophylla (Ulbr.) Fryxell & Fuerte, known only from the vicinity of Nova Friburgo in NE of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.
Spirotheca (Malvaceae - 2 ✕ 6) - 8 spp., six in moist mid- to high elevation forests from Costa Rica and Panama through the western Andean countries to Bolivia, and two disjuncts in coastal forests of SE Brazil: S. rivieri (Decne.) Ulbr. and S. elegans Carv.-Sobr., M. Machado & L. P. Queiroz.
Gossypium (Malvaceae - 1 ✕ 5) - genus with 52 spp., with 17 in Australia, 16 in the Old World (with two domesticated species), 11 endemic to Mexico, 1 in Mexico/Arizona, two cultivated forms in the New World (G. barbadense L. and G. hirsutum L.), Brazil, Peru, Ecuador (Galápagos), USA (Hawaii) and Dominican Rep. with 1-2 spp. endemic each (6 in South America) - the Brazilian is G. mustelinum (G.Watt) Miers, a extreme rare wild cotton, composed of populations dispersed in dry areas in Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Ceará and Bahia states.
Colicodendron (Capparaceae - 3 ✕ 2) - 5 spp., two from Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, C. yco (Mart.) Mart. from NE Brazil, C. bahianum Cornejo & Iltis restricted to the Atlantic coastal rainforests of the State of Bahia, E Brazil, and C. martianum Cornejo, endemic to SE Bahia state.
Monilicarpa (Capparaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., M. tenuisiliqua (Jacq.) X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis from N Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad & Tobago, and M. brasiliana (Banks ex DC.), X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis disjunct from E Brazil, in Bahia to Rio de Janeiro coastal forests.
Polypsecadium (Brassicaceae - 1/15) - 14 spp. from Colombia to Argentina, one in Brazil, P. brasiliensis O.E.Schulz, endemic to Santa Catarina state.
SANTALANAE (3 GENERA)
Scybalium (Balanophoraceae - 2 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., one endemic to Jamaica, another from Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, and two remaining endemic to forests of SE Brazil.
Arjona (Schoepfiaceae - 1 ✕ 5) - 6 spp., 4 of tropical & temperate S. America from Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego, Uruguay, and two in Peru and Brazil, one endemic each. Brazilian species is A. megapotamica Malme, known only from high mountains of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states.
Thesium (Santalaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - 326 spp. in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, highly centered in southern Africa, and three spp. in New World, T. tepuiense Steyerm. in Venezuela and Guyana, T. aphyllum Mart. ex A. DC. and T. brasiliense A. DC. endemic to C & S Brazil, one of the more remarkable disjunctions of South America and Old World.
CARYOPHYLLANAE (3 GENERA)
Leuenbergeria (Cactaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - 8 spp., three in Hispaniola, one in Cuba, 1 from Pacific coastal area from S Mexico to Costa Rica, and three in South America: L. aureiflora (F. Ritter) Lodé in NE Minas Gerais and S Bahia; L. bleo (Kutnh) Lodé in Panama and Colombia; and L. guamacho (F.A.C. Weber) Lodé in drier regions of Colombia and Venezuela, possibly also the Dutch Antilles.
Quiabentia (Cactaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - shrubby leaf-broaded cacti, Q. zenthneri are restricted from dry areas Minas Gerais and Bahia states in NE Brazil, 2,000 km ahead theri cogeneric, Q. verticillata, from Bolívia, N Argentina and Paraguay.
Tacinga (Cactaceae - 10 ✕ 1) - 11 spp., one endemic to NE Venezuela in Lara and Sucre states, and 10 restricteds for NE Brazil; it is only opuntioid genus found in the semiarid regions of the E corner of Brazil.
ASTERANAE (34 GENERA)
Aosa (Loasaceae - 5 ✕ 2) - 7 spp., A. plumieri (Urb.) Weigend in south Hispaniola, A. grandis (Standl.) R.H.Acuña & Weigend in Costa Rica/Choco region, and five species of Brazil, four in dry areas in NE region, and one in Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro state.
Schwartzia (Marcgraviaceae - 4 ✕ 12) - 20 spp., 16 from Costa Rica through the Andes south to Bolivia, in the Caribbean Basin, and 4 in E Brazil, all endemic.
Moritzia (Boraginaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - three spp., M. lindenii (A. DC.) Benth. ex Gürke from Panama to Venezuela, and two remaining endemic to S Brazil.
Salzmannia (Rubiaceae - 3 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., one in higher elevation on the costal cordillera of Venezuela, and three species growing in the coastal dunes and restinga and forested vegetation of NE Brazil.
Neobertiera (Rubiaceae - 1 ✕ 4) - 5 spp., all from Guiana Shield, 100-300 m elevation range, two only in Guyana, two only in French Guiana, and N. montedouradensis Delprete endemic to dense forests of Pará state, N Brazil.
Schizocalyx (Rubiaceae - 1 ✕ 6) - 12 spp., one in Costa Rica and Panama, 10 in tropical Andes, and S. cuspidatus (A. St.-Hil.) Kainul. & B. Bremer endemic to SE Brazil, found in wet to moist forests from low to middle elevations.
Augusta (Rubiaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - 4 spp. highly disjunct species worldwide, one from Mexico to Colombia, one in New Caledonia, one in Fiji, and A. longifolia (Spreng.) Rehder, endemic to Brazil.
Sipapoantha (Gentianaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., S. ostrina Maguire & B.M. Boom in Cerro Sipapo, in Amazonas State, Venezuela, and S. obtusisepala Lepis, Maas & Struwe endemic to SE Roraima state, Brazil.
Skytanthus (Apocynaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - three spp., S. acutus Meyen endemic of Chile from Antofagasta to Coquimbo, and S. hancorniifolius (A. DC.) Miers and S. martianus (Müll. Arg.) Miers restricted of E Brazil.
Temnadenia (Apocynaceae - 2 ✕ 1) - three spp., one in Colombia and two endemic to Brazil.
Hylaea (Apocynaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., H. arborescens (Monach.) J.F.Morales from S Venezuela, and H. leptoloba (Monach.) J.F.Morales endemic to N. Brazil (Amazonas state).
Laubertia (Apocynaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., two from Mexico to Belize and Guatemala, L. boissieri A. DC. from Venezuela to Bolivia, and L. brasiliensis J.F. Morales, endemic to Brazil to the states of Pará and Amazonas, growing in river margins and igarapó forest, from 100 to 200 m elevation range.
Darcya (Plantaginaceae - 1 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., all national endemic, in Costa Rica (1), Panama (1), Colombia (1) and D. vandellioides (Benth.) Scatigna in Brazil, in open and wet, often disturbed areas of the Atlantic Forest from Bahia to Santa Catarina states.
Lepechinia (Lamiaceae - 2/32) - 47 spp., mainly montane, Andes from Argentina and Chile northwards to Mexico and California, including Venezuela (32 in South America), with two outlying spp. in Brazil (L. annae (Taub. ex Schwacke) Brade from Mantiqueira Range and L. speciosa (A. St.-Hil. ex Benth.) Epling from Caparao Range, both endemic).
Marthianthus (Lamiaceae - 3 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., three restricted to dry xeric scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga), inc. dry montane, with an outlying sp., M. elongatus (Benth.) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore, in similar semi-arid conditions in Huarochiri, coastal Peru.
Cornutia (Lamiaceae - 1 ✕ 4) - 8 spp. from New World, Mexico to Peru, east to French Guiana, Brazil and Caribbean, 4 in South America, C. pubescens Gaertn. only in French Guiana, C. australis Moldenke endemic to Minas Gerais state in SE Brazil (unique in Brazil), one only from Venezuela to Peru, and C. pyramidata L. from Mexico to Bolivia and Guianas.
Odontonema (Acanthaceae - 4 ✕ 12) - 32 spp., Mexico to Peru, Brazil and Caribbean. 18 spp. in South America, 4 spp. in Brazil, all endemic: O. amplexicaule (Nees) Kuntze in Amazon rainforest and 3 remaining endemic to Atlantic Forest
Recordia (Verbenaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - two spp., R. boliviana Moldenke, endemic to Bolivia, and R. reitzii (Moldenke) V. Thode & N. O'Leary, a small tree endemic to coastal mountains in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states in S Brazil.
Calystegia (Convolvulaceae - 1 ✕ 2) - 26 spp., over Old World, 21 in New World, from Canada and USA to in South America (4), three scattered in Ecuador to Argentina (one also in Mexico), and C. brummittii P.P.A. Ferreira & Sim.-Bianch. endemic to Araucaria forests in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states in S Brazil.
Fulcaldea (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 1) - Two spp., one from to southern Ecuador and NW Peru, and one known only from the type collection, occurring in seasonally deciduous forest from Diamantina highs in Bahia state, E Brazil.
Onoseris (Asteraceae - 1/29) - O. brasiliensis Cabrera is restricted to outcrops of Mato Grosso state, and the other 30 spp. of this genus occur from Mexico to the Cono Sur on the Pacific side of the New World (29 of them in South America).
Critoniopsis (Asteraceae - 5/74) - of the 78 spp. of the genus, 74 occur in South America, six in Brazil, all endemic.
Dalairea (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 0) - two spp. worldwide, one endemic to South Africa, and D. aparadensis Funez & Hassemer endemic to Santa Catarina state, S Brazil.
Pentacalia (Asteraceae - 2/154) - of the 154 spp. of this genus, 135 are restricted to the Andes from Venezuela to Colombia; 19 go to Mexico or the Caribbean from South America; one goes from there to the Cono Sur; the only two exceptions are the two species restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, P. desiderabilis (Vell.) Cuatrec. and P. tropicalis (Cabrera) C.Jeffrey.
Stifftia (Asteraceae - 5 ✕ 1) - 6 spp., 5 found in the tropical forest of E Brazil with two additional species found in the rainforests of N Brazil, and one restricted of French Guiana.
Idiothamnus (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 3) - 4 spp., one in Bolivia and Argentina, one endemic to Brazil, one in Peru, and one in Venezuela.
Ophryosporus (Asteraceae - 4 ✕ 39) - 42 spp., 38 in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and 4 remaining are endemic to Brazil.
Steyermarkina (Asteraceae - 3 ✕ 1) - 4 spp., three endemic to Brazil and one endemic to W Venezuela.
Bejaranoa (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., B. balansae (Hieron.) R.M. King & H. Rob. from Bolivia and Paraguay, and B. semistriata (Sch. Bip. ex Baker) R.M. King & H. Rob. endemic to Brazil.
Dasycondylus (Asteraceae - 7 ✕ 1) - 8 spp., one is restricted to Peru and Bolivia and the remaining 7 endemic to Brazil.
Gyptidium (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 1) - two spp., Brazil and Argentina one sp. endemic each.
Sciadocephala (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 5) - genus of curious Asteraceae adapted to the extremely shady forest environment, with 6 spp., 4 from Panama to Ecuador, 1 in Guyana, and S. grecieliae N. Biggs & D. J. N. Hind, known only for a portion of the Amazon region of Mato Grosso state in Brazil.
Ayapanopsis (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 17) - genus with 16 of its 17 spp. in the Andes from Colombia to the Cono Sur, and with the exception of the exclusive Brazilian A. oblongifolia (Gardner) R.M. King & H. Rob.
Bartlettina (Asteraceae - 1/8) - 8 of 43 spp. of the genera occur in South America, and are all national endemic. The Brazilian is B. hemisphaerica (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob., restricted to Rio de Janeiro state.
93 Brazilian genera have less than 1/14th (7.14 ⁒) of their South American diversity present in Brazil, being referred to here as underrepresented. Some genera absent from this list but with relatively low diversity in Brazil among South American members are Werauhia (10.71 ⁒), Crassula (10 ⁒), Liparis (10 ⁒), Monnina (9.74 ⁒), Clibadium (9.67 ⁒), Valeriana (9.63 ⁒), Verbesina (9.58 ⁒), Pescatoria (9.52 ⁒), Rumex (9.52 ⁒), Clethra (9.09 ⁒), Stenia (9.09 ⁒), Gymnocalycium (8.95 ⁒), Brasolia (8.69 ⁒), Satyria (8.69 ⁒), Aiphanes (8.57 ⁒), Weinmannia (8.53 ⁒), Amphydasia (8.33 ⁒), Meliosma (7.84 ⁒), Tyleria (7.69 ⁒), Elaphandra (7.69 ⁒), Liabum (7.69 ⁒), and Cranichis (7.46 ⁒).
The lowest percentages of presence in Brazil are the genera Calceolaria (0.37 ⁒), Puya (0.44 ⁒), Centropogon (0.51 ⁒), Lepanthes (0.79 ⁒), Bomarea (0.85 ⁒), Pentacalia (0.89 ⁒), Burmeistera (0.92 ⁒), Oreopanax (1.7 ⁒), Alchemilla (1.85 ⁒), and Chloraea (1.92 ⁒).
Doubts: Dambuerneya (Lauraceae), Andreettaea and Lankesteriana (Orchidaceae). Guzmania has in Brazil only 9 of 184 spp. total.
In parenthesis: Brazilian spp. / South American total spp.
MAGNOLIANAE (1 GENUS)
Magnolia (Magnoliaceae - 5/81) - the type genus of the Magnoliophytes has 175 spp. in the New World, of which almost a half (81) occur in South America, centered in Colombia (42), which has the greatest diversity in the New World. Only 5 occur in Brazil, 4 endemic.
LILIANAE (29 GENERA)
Stenospermation (Araceae - 3/52) - 55 spp. from Guatemala to SE Brazil, 52 in South America, centered to Amazon rainforest, only three in Brazil, none endemic.
Dicranopygium (Cyclanthaceae - 2/50) - 64 spp. of S Mexico to S Peru and French Guiana, and the Lesser Antilles. 50 spp. in South America, two in Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas and Acre), D. amazonicum Harling endemic, and D. imeriense Harling also in Venezuela.
Sphaeradenia (Cyclanthaceae - 2/41) - 52 spp., S Nicaragua to W Bolivia and Venezuela, and adjacent Brazil in Amazonas state, 41 spp. in South America. Only two species in Brazil, none endemic.
Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae - 1/117) - 124 spp., 7 exclusively from Mesoamerica (Mexico only 2), three from Central America to Ecuador, one of them also in West Indies, 113 only in South America with B. edulis (Tussac) Herb. in over range of genus, and unique species in Brazil.
Chloraea (Orchidaceae - 1/52) - 51 spp. this genus of terrestrial orchids occurs from Peru to Tierra del Fuego and the remaining two in the E Argentina, Uruguay and S Brazil (only one).
Ponthieva (Orchidaceae - 3/57) - genus with 73 spp. overall, 57 in South America, 3 in Brazil (one endemic).
Comparettia (Orchidaceae - 5/78) - 79 spp. from Caribbean through Mexico (only two) south through America Central to Brazil (5, none endemic), Bolivia, and Peru, 78 in South America.
Oncidium (Orchidaceae - 14/372) - 336 spp., found from Mexico and Florida (North America) through America Central and the Caribbean to Bolivia, and Peru. 276 spp. in South America, 13 in Brazil (six endemic).
Kefersteinia (Orchidaceae - 1/48) - 63 spp. collectively ranging from S Mexico through Panama and Venezuela and Colombia to French Guiana and Bolivia in South America (48), K. mystacina Rchb. f. up to Brazil (by a single non academic collection, with a unknown range).
Ida (Orchidaceae - 1/43) - former Sudamerlycaste. 43 of 45 spp. in this genus occur in South America, all from Venezuela to Peru except I. rossyi (Hoehne) Campacci & Batista, endemic to SE Brazil.
Pleurothallopsis (Orchidaceae - 1/19) - 20 spp., 19 from Costa Rica to Bolivia (all these in South America) plus P. nemorosa (Barb. Rodr.) Porto & Brade, endemic to SE Brazil.
Lepanthes (Orchidaceae - 6/812) - largest genus in this list, with 1,203 spp., 812 of these in South America, hypercentered in Ecuador (396) and Colombia (344), and only six in Brazil (L. brasiliensis Pabst. endemic), almost entirely north of the Equator.
Zootrophion (Orchidaceae - 1/27) - 32 spp. overall, 27 in South America, only a single non-endemic species in Brazil.
Masdevallia (Orchidaceae - 14/606) - 651 spp. in New World, 606 in South America, primarily in the Andes, ranging from S Mexico and Belize to Bolivia, Venezuela to French Guiana and Brazil (14, six endemic), highly centered in Colombia (166) and Ecuador (267).
Trisetella (Orchidaceae - 1/26) - 29 spp., Costa Rica to French Guiana, Colombia to Bolivia, N Brazil (1, non endemic), 26 in South America.
Platystele (Orchidaceae - 5/97) - 123 spp. from Cuba and S Mexico to French Guiana and Trinidad and Tobago, S Brazil (5, two endemic), and Bolivia. 97 in South America.
Scaphosepalum (Orchidaceae - 2/57) - a typical unbrazilian from Mexico to Bolivia and Venezuela, but also in Guyana and with S. breve (Rchb. f.) Rolfe, described for Brazil only in 2008, only in small summit of Monte Roraima, northern Roraima state.
Pleutothallis (Orchidaceae - 16/494)- genus of orchids with 582 spp. in the New World, 494 in South America, only 16 in Brazil, 11 endemic.
Stelis (Orchidaceae - 51/1,168) - mega Neotropical genus with 1,339 spp., 1,168 of them in South America, 550 in Ecuador, 492 in Colombia, only 51 in Brazil, 31 endemic.
Navia (Bromeliaceae - 5/99) - 99 spp., the largest genus endemic to Guiana Shield, 94 ranging from Colombia to Suriname, and 5 endemic to N Brazil.
Guzmania (Bromeliaceae - 10/185) - 213 spp., from Florida to Bolivia, Brazil to Mexico, 185 in South America, few spp. in E South America. 10 spp. in Brazil, almost all in northern Amazon rainforest, none endemic.
Racinaea (Bromeliaceae - 4/84) - 84 spp., Andean (81 in South America), mainly Ecuador, extending to America Central, Bolivia, Caribbean and the Guianas, and SE Brazil (4, two endemic).
Cipuropsis (Bromeliaceae - 1/12) - a genus of 16 spp., mainly from NW South America (12), from Venezuela to Peru, also in America Central and Caribbean, with C. rubra (Ruiz & Pav.) Kessous & A.F.Costa up to N Brazil.
Puya (Bromeliaceae - 1/230) - 231 spp., one only in Costa Rica and Panama, and remaining 230 in South America (one also in America Central), 227 in Andes from NW Venezuela to NW Argentina and two in Guayana Highlands, with P. floccosa (Linden) E. Morren ex Mez found in Tepequen Range in N Roraima state, Brazil.
Luzula (Juncaceae - 1/19) - 125 spp., cosmopolitan, 43 in New World, 19 in South America, only one in Brazil, L. ulei Buchenau, endemic to highlands of SE Brazil in Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states.
Cinnagrostis (Poaceae - 4/62) - 62 spp. from South America (only one up to S Mexico), 4 up to S Brazil, one endemic, known only from Santa Catarina state.
Deschampsia (Poaceae - 1/24) - 64 spp., in temperate and polar regions on both hemispheres, in South America (24, mainly Cono Sur, Peru and Ecuador one endemic each, D. eminens (J. Presl) Saarela up to Colombia, D. caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. in Andes from Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego and high places of SE Brazil), Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands, New Zealand (4), Tristan da Cunha Islands (4), Madeira Islands (2), Pamir Mountains (2), mountains of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (1), Cordillera Central of Hispaniola (1), Azores Islands (1), mountains of C Mexico (1), Hawaii (1), and Kilimanjaro mountain in Tanzania (1).
Festuca (Poaceae - 3/140) - 659 spp. in temperate, polar and alpine regions on both hemispheres, Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, South Georgia Is., Kerguelen Is., Macquarie Island, tropical mountains. 209 spp. in New World, 140 in South America, only three in Brazil, none endemic.
Poa (Poaceae - 6/124) - 581 spp. worldwide, in weeds, high pastures, from coast up tallest mountains of world, few in sand places; 200 spp. in New World, 124 in South America (high diverse in western continent, 88 in equatorial and tropical Andes, and 62 in Cono Sur). Six spp. in Brazil, two endemic.
RANUNCULANAE (2 GENERA)
Berberis (Berberidaceae - 9/150) - 628 spp., subcosmopolitan, 150 spp. in South America, extending to Tierra del Fuego and east to SE Brazil. Only 9 spp. in Brazil, 7 endemic.
Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae - 3/56) - 1,750 spp., almost cosmopolitan. In New World 124 spp., mainly in areas with high humidity, 56 in South America, mainly in Colombia (12), Ecuador (12), Peru (32), Bolivia (18), Argentina (26), Chile (18). 3 spp. in Brazil, R. apiifolius Pers., R. bonariensis Poir. and R. flagelliformis Sm., none endemic.
MYROTHAMNANAE (1 GENUS)
Gunnera (Gunneraceae - 2/42) - 63 spp. worldwide, only two of the 42 spp. in South America occur in Brazil, G. manicata Linden ex André and G. herteri Osten, the former is endemic to the country, and the latter also occurs in Uruguay.
ROSANAE (13 GENERA)
Acaena (Rosaceae - 6/82) - a recently expanded genus, with 108 spp. worldwide, A. pinnatifida Ruiz & Pav. in California and Cono Sur, South Africa and Hawaii one endemic each, 18 in Australia and New Zealand, and remaining 82 confined to South America and adjacent Antarctic Islands, six in Brazil, 3 endemic.
Alchemilla (Rosaceae - 1/54) - 798 spp. worldwide, mainly Holarctic distribution with a centre of species richness in western Eurasia but occurs also in S India, Sri Lanka, Java, China and Japan and on the mountains of Africa and Madagascar, and 67 in Neotropics, distributed in South and America Central from Mexico and Caribbean (Hispaniola) to the Andes of N Chile and Argentina. 54 spp. occur in South America, highly centered in northern Andes, only one in E South America, A. parodii (I.M.Johnst.) Rothm., from S Brazil to S Argentina.
Maytenus (Celastraceae - 1/24) - 32 spp. worldwide, scattered, 24 in South America, only the southern South American M. boaria Molina occur in Brazil, in high elevations in Minas Gerais to Santa Catarina states.
Viola (Violaceae - 3/152) - 691 spp. worldwide, only three of 152 spp. in South America occur in Brazil - all endemic and phylogenetically related: V. cerasifolia A.St.-Hil., V. gracillima A.St.-Hil. and V. subdimidiata A.St.-Hil.
Geranium (Geraniaceae - 5/81) - 362 spp. worldwide, 126 in New World, 81 in South America, only 5 spp. in Brazil, one endemic.
Epilobium (Onagraceae - 1/14) - 191 spp. from temperate regions, in tropics restricted of montate environments, including Neotropics up to Argentina. 53 spp. in New World, 14 in South America, 11 from NW Venezuela to S Argentina and Chile, and E. hirtigerum A. Cunn., restricted from S Brazil, NE Argentina and Uruguay.
Blakea (Melastomataceae - 4/129) - 191 spp., tropical America, 129 in South America, highly centered in Colombia (72). Only 4 in Brazil, none endemic.
Triolena (Melastomataceae - 1/21) - 28 spp., tropical America, 21 in South America, mainly Amazon rainforest; in Brazil occur only two spp., only in Acre state.
Monochaetum (Melastomataceae - 1/34) - 53 spp., 19 in Mexico from Sinaloa to America Central, and 34 distributed in South America from Andes to Peru and the Venezuelan Coastal Cordillera, and are also present in the Guayana highlands, including the single species in Brazil, M. bonplandii (Kunth) Naudin, known only in Mount Neblina in Brazil, none endemic.
Sphaeralcea (Malvaceae - 1/15) - 53 sp., six in S Africa, 33 from S Canada to N Mexico, and 14 in Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile, mainly in arid habitats of temperate climates, extending to tropical zones primarily at higher elevations. In Brazil occur only S. bonariensis (Cav.) Griseb, known only in Bage municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, in two small populations.
Tropaeolum (Tropaeolaceae - 5/94) - 94 spp., all in South America, distributed mostly in Andean countries (Colombia-28, 65 in over northern Andes) up to E Brazil (4, two endemic) and S Venezuela, 4 reacheing into America Central and S Mexico.
Lepidium (Brassicaceae - 3/56) - 264 spp., cosmopolitan, including Hawaii and New Zealand. 88 spp. occur in New World, 56 in South America, only three in Brazil: L. bonariense L. from S Brazil and adjacent Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay; L. auriculatum Regel & Korn. from Peru to Brazil and Cono Sur; and L. didymum L. also from Peru to Brazil and Cono Sur.
Polypsecadium (Brassicaceae - 1/15) - 14 spp. from Colombia to Argentina, one in Brazil, P. brasiliensis O.E.Schulz, endemic to Santa Catarina state.
SANTALANAE (1 GENUS)
Dendrophtora (Santalaceae - 2/89) - 135 spp. from S Mexico, including Cuba and the Caribbean, up to Bolivia (89 in South America), only two in Brazil, no endemic.
CARYOPHYLLANAE (4 GENERA)
Arenaria (Caryophyllaceae - 1/47) - 189 spp. worldwide, 47 spp. in South America, only the widely A. lanuginosa (Michx.) Rohrb. in Brazil, no endemic.
Drymaria (Caryophyllaceae - 1/22) - 57 spp., one from S Asia to NW Australia, 55 restricteds of New World from western USA to Patagonia, 22 in South America, only the widely D. cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. in Brazil.
Spergularia (Caryophyllaceae - 1/23) - 66 spp., subcosmopoliatn, 23 in South America, only S. ramosa Cambess in Brazil, in southern Rio Grande do Sul state.
Cleistocactus (Cactaceae - 1/27) - 27 spp. from Colombia to N Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, only C. baumannii (Lem.) Lem. in WC Brazil, reported from Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul states.
ASTERANAE (43 GENERA)
Caiophora (Loasaceae - 1/37) - 37 spp. from Peru to Argentina and Chile, C. arechavaletae (Urb.) Urb. & Gilg up to Uruguay and S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state, unique outside Andes), and C. contorta (Desr.) C. Presl up to Ecuador.
Freziera (Pentaphylacaceae - 2/64) - 74 spp., from S Mexico to S Bolivia, E to Guyana, Caribbean, and E Brazil (2, one endemic), 64 in South America.
Ardisia (Primulaceae - 3/54) - 735 spp., pantropical, 169 spp. in New World, 54 in South America, only three in Brazil.
Geissanthus (Primulaceae - 2/52) - 52 spp., all from Venezuela to Bolivia, two up to center and SE Brazil (São Paulo state), and one up to Mesoamerica.
Cavendishia (Ericaceae - 2/83) - 114 spp., from Mexico to Bolivia, E to the Guianas, Guayana Highland, NW Brazil (2, none endemic, from Amazonas state). 43 in America Central/Mexico, 83 in South America, 48 endemic to Colombia.
Disterigma (Ericaceae - 1/40) - 40 spp., highly centered in Ecuador and Colombia, reaching up to Guatemala in northern, Bolivia in south, and W Guyana in east (34 in South America). D. humboldtii (Klotzsch) Nied. occur in Mount Neblina in Amazonas state, N Brazil.
Psammisia (Ericaceae - 3/60) - 63 spp. from Costa Rica to Bolivia, E to French Guiana, Trinidad (60 in South America). 3 spp. in Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas and Pará state, none endemic).
Sphyrospermum (Ericaceae - 1/21) - 22 spp., from S Mexico to N Bolivia, Guianas, Haiti and Trinidad, 21 in South America, only S. buxifolium Poepp. & Endl. in Brazil (Roraima and Amazonas state), non endemic.
Thibaudia (Ericaceae - 3/72) - 73 spp., one in Costa Rica and 72 in N South America, three up to N Brazil (Amazonas and Roraima states), none endemic.
Hoffmannia (Rubiaceae - 3/42) - 114 spp. from Mexico to Argentina, up to Venezuela, Caribbean, 42 in South America, only 3 in Brazil, one endemic.
Elaeagia (Rubiaceae - 1/18) - 23 spp. from Mexico to Bolivia, 18 in South America up N Brazil (only E. maguirei Standl., also in Venezuela and Guianas), east to Suriname and Caribbean.
Notopleura (Rubiaceae - 45/85) - 103 spp. from Mexico to Brazil (5, one endemic), 85 in South America, also in Bolivia, Guianas and Caribbean.
Symbolanthus (Gentiananceae - 2/29) - 31 spp., Caribbean and America Central one restricted each, and 29 remaining in mountain areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia and N Brazil (2, Amazonas and Roraima states).
Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae - 1/268) - 269 spp. from Mexico to Terra do Fogo, the widely distributed C. tripartita Ruiz & Pavon. reaching into southern Brazil, all but nine (reaching into Mexico) endemic to South America (only central-american C. irazuensis Donn. Sm. absent), mainly at high altitudes along the Andes but reaches sea level on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Patagonia, centered in Peru (128, 89 endemic), Cono Sur (85, 66 restricts) and Colombia (23).
Diastemma (Gesneriaceae - 1/19) - all species in South America, only one in Brazil, D. racemiferum Benth. in Brazil, in Rondonia, possibly in Acre state.
Monopyle (Gesneriaceae - 1/18) - 25 spp., along the W Cordillera from Bolivia to Guatemala, 18 in South America, only M. reflexa (Rusby) Roalson & Boggan in Brazil, collected in Acre state.
Centrosolenia (Gesneriaceae - 1/13) - a genus exclusive for Guiana Shield with 13 spp., only one species in Brazil.
Columnea (Gesneriaceae - 6/143) - 216 spp. from Mexico south to Ecuador and Bolivia to Brazil (only 6, C. ulei Mansf. endemic), 139 in South America. 96 spp. in Colombia, 38 in Costa Rica.
Clinopodium (Lamiaceae - 1/43) - 189 spp. cosmopolitan, 74 in the New World, also in temperate Eurasia, but a few in Africa, tropical Asia and Indomalesia. 43 spp. in South America, highly centered in Ecuador/Peru (a half of continent restricted of this zone), almost over countries, only the widely distributed C. brownei (Sw.) Kuntze reaches into southern Brazil.
Lepechinia (Lamiaceae - 2/32) - 47 spp., mainly montane, Andes from Argentina and Chile northwards to Mexico and California, including Venezuela (32 in South America), with two outlying spp. in Brazil (L. annae (Taub. ex Schwacke) Brade from Mantiqueira Range and L. speciosa (A. St.-Hil. ex Benth.) Epling from Caparao Range, both endemic).
Stachys (Lamiaceae - 1/32) - 372 spp., cosmopolitan, absent in Australia and New Zealand. 102 in continental New World, 40 in Mexico, 32 in South America, centered in NW region, 11 in southern region, 18 from Venezuela to Bolivia, and only S. gilliesii Benth. in Brazil (also in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Cono Sur).
Duranta (Verbenaceae - 1/24) - 29 spp. in Texas to Argentina and Caribbean, 24 in South America, only one in Brazil, D. vestita Cham., also in NE Argentina (Misiones).
Castilleja (Orobanchaceae - 1/21) - 216 spp., 3 in E North America, 5 in Eurasia, 30 in America Central and South America (21 in latter, including 7 annual species in Andes of Chile and Peru), and the rest in W North America, only the widely distributed C. arvensis Schltdl. & Cham. in Brazil.
Stenostephanus (Acanthaceae - 3/67) - 94 spp. in New World, from W Mexico (15) to Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil (3, one endemic), 67 in South America, with greatest diversity in Colombia (a third of genus here endemic).
Jaborosa (Solanaceae - 1/23) - 23 spp., mainly W Andes in Peru to Chile, Bolivia to S Argentina, only two reaching SE South America, with J. integrifolia Lam. up to Rio Grande do Sul state in S Brazil and Uruguay.
Salpichroa (Solanaceae - 1/19) - 19 spp., Andes from Colombia to Argentina, only S. origanifolia Baill. up to S Brazil.
Iochroma (Solanaceae - 1/40) - 39 spp. confined from Colombia to Cono Sur, and I. arborescens (L.) J.M.H.Shaw from Mexico to southern Brazil.
Burmeistera (Campanulaceae - 1/108) - 137 spp., from Honduras to Peru and Venezuela, highly centered in Colombia and Ecuador, 108 in South America, 76 in Colombia, 51 in Ecuador, only two up to Peru and one in Brazil, B. pallida (Drake) E.Wimm., collected in Mount Neblina.
Centropogon (Campanulaceae - 1/196) - 212 spp. over Neotropics, from S Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, 196 in South America, two in the Lesser Antilles. Only the widespread C. cornutus (L.) Druce occur in Brazil.
Onoseris (Asteraceae - 1/29) - O. brasiliensis Cabrera is restricted to outcrops of Mato Grosso state, and the other 30 spp. of this genus occur from Mexico to the Cono Sur on the Pacific side of the New World (29 of them in South America).
Barnadesia (Asteraceae - 1/23) - essentially Andean genus with 23 spp., and only B. caryophylla (Vell.) S.F. Blake occur in Brazil - and it also occurs in Bolivia.
Mutisia (Asteraceae - 4/65) - South American exclusive genus, with 4 spp. in Brazil, two are endemic and two are also collected for the neighboring countries in Cono Sur.
Jungia (Asteraceae - 2/29) - genus with 29 spp., one only in Mexico, one from Mexico to South America, and 28 only in South America, but of these only two occur in Brazil, both none endemic.
Hieracium (Asteraceae - 7/82) - 4,633 spp. worldwide, the largest of all genera in Angiosperms. In the New World there are 123 spp., 82 of these in South America, 7 for Brazil (3 endemic).
Critoniopsis (Asteraceae - 5/74) - of the 78 spp. of the genus, 74 occur in South America, six in Brazil, all endemic.
Pentacalia (Asteraceae - 2/154) - of the 154 spp. of this genus, 135 are restricted to the Andes from Venezuela to Colombia; 19 go to Mexico or the Caribbean from South America; one goes from there to the Cono Sur; the only two exceptions are the two species restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, P. desiderabilis (Vell.) Cuatrec. and P. tropicalis (Cabrera) C.Jeffrey.
Tagetes (Asteraceae - 1/28) - 50 spp. in New World, 28 in South America, only T. ostenii Hicken in Brazil, also in Cono Sur and Bolivia.
Ayapanopsis (Asteraceae - 1 ✕ 17) - genus with 16 of its 17 spp. in the Andes from Colombia to the Cono Sur, and with the exception of the exclusive Brazilian A. oblongifolia (Gardner) R.M. King & H. Rob.
Hebeclinium (Asteraceae - 1/25) - 28 spp. from Neotropics, 25 of these in South America, only one in Brazil, the widely distributed H. macrophyllum (L.) DC.
Viburnum (Adoxaceae - 1/33) - 203 spp. worldwide, 86 in New World, 33 in South America, all species are restricted tropical Andes except V. tinoides L., which occur in Guiana Highlands, in Venezuela, Guyana and Mount Aracá in Amazonas state in Brazil, also in Colombia and E Venezuela.
Oreopanax (Araliaceae - 2/117) - 147 spp. over mountainous areas of Neotropics, especially above 1,500 m in the Andes, 117 in South America; only two spp. in E Brazil, O. fulvus (Jacq.) Decne. & Planch. endemic and O. capitatus Marchal, ranging from S Mexico to S Brazil.
Sciodaphyllum (Araliaceae - 6/123) - 146 spp., 19 restricted of Costa Rica and Panama, 4 only Caribbean, two in both South and America Central (or Caribbean), and remaining 121 only in South America, with high diversities in Colombia (58), Ecuador (32), Venezuela (25), Peru (23) and Bolivia (12), in wide range of humid or seasonally moist habitats, from sea level to nearly 3500 m elevation. Six spp. in Brazil, none endemic and shared with only Venezuela except S. sprucei Seem. shared with Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.
UPDATES BRAZILIAN HIPERCENTRATE GENERA
18⋅05⋅2024 ‣ ROOT LIST.
UPDATES BRAZILIAN SEMIENDEMIC GENERA
13⋅06⋅2024 ‣ inclusion of Knowltonia (Ranunculaceae).
13⋅06⋅2024 ‣ inclusion of Magnolia, and exclusion of Williamodendron and Bielschmiedia, both Lauraceae.
UPDATES BRAZILIAN UNDERREPRESENTED GENERA
13⋅06⋅2024 ‣ updates in Gunnera, Viburnum, Burmeistera and Centropogon.
13⋅06⋅2024 ‣ updates in Oreopanax and Sciodaphyllum (Araliaceae).