UPDATED IN 13⋅06⋅2024
1. INTRODUCTION
Siderasis Angiosperms (SDa blog) is a a work developed with the objective of presenting, in a brief way, the diversity of angiosperms in South America, raising several points of analysis and discussion, distributed throughout the following pages.
SDa is largely based on Synopsis of South American Angiosperms (SSAA), a checklist of all South American native genera of angiosperms, organized by order, family, genera, and eventually by subfamilies, tribes, subtribes, and the genera, in hundreds of cases, are enunciated by valid subdivisions. SSAA is based on Vascular Plants of America (VPA), the most objective and clear list on the flora of the New World and, consequently, of South America, according to the APG group (SEE) for orders and families. The platform allows searching by geographic region and taxonomic group in a dynamic and highly productive.
However, as it is a very complex work and under construction, a lot of information on the platform conflicts with other major references or with specific works, generating distortions that make a more realistic analysis difficult. Constant updates to the VPA often remove distortions, but many still persist.
All data on taxa distribution and sizes in this blog follow the SSAA, however some data are obtained directly from the untreated VPA, which, when used, are explicitly cited in the text.
2. APG
APG circuscriptions of April 04, 2023 differs from APG IV, the last version published as article (Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2016) with 64 orders and 416 families, by fully recognition of Hydnoraceae, Taccaceae, Thismiaceae, Afrothismiaceae and Peltantheraceae, seven spliteds for Boraginaceae, six splited for Olacaceae, Tiganophtyaceae a new family, Mystropetalaceae dismembered of Balanophoraceae, and Wightiaceae dismembered of Carlemmaniaceae, plus three new orders: Desfontainiales, Oncothecales and Cardiopteridales. With the changes, the APG now recognizes 67 orders and 437 families.
It is very timely to mention the opinion article by Cole, T.H.C. (PeerJ, 2015), where he makes a strong criticism of the APG project.
H.-T. Li et al. (Nature Plants, 2019) - makes a great genetic analysis of data on the general structure of the classification of angiosperms, compares it with APG IV, although it brings only changes in the order sequence, without modifying them. Other classification in Angios Bergianska Website, by Jan Thomas Johansson, it is fantastic for the detailing, in plain text, of all the accepted genera in each family and its general distribution, sometimes even very detailed, and many easily accessible references.
Below we have the evolutionary trees of vascular plants as a whole, and then the evolutionary tree of angiosperms, focus of this blog, with 20 lineages at angiosperms: AMBORELLANAE, NYMPHAEANAE, AUSTROBAILEYANAE, CHLORANTHANAE, MAGNOLIANAE, LILIANAE, CERATOPHYLLANAE, RANUNCULANAE, PROTEANAE, TROCHODENDRANAE, BUXANAE, MYROTHAMNANAE, DILLENIANAE, SAXIFRAGANAE, VITANAE, ROSANAE, SANTALANAE, BERBERIDOPSIDANAE, CARYOPHYLLANAE and ASTERANAE.
Huipeng et al. (PRE-PRINT, 2023) suggests that the COM clade (Celastrales-Oxalidales-Malpighiales), currently considered part of Fabids, is actually independent of both Fabids and Malvids, being probably parallel to both.
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| PHYLOGENY OF LIVING EMBRIOPHYTES |
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| ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY TREE, BI LI ET AL (BMC BIOLOGY, 2021) |
3. GLOBAL NUMBERS
Christenhusz and Byng (Phytotaxa, 2016) lists of all families by APG IV with number of species each, with 308,312 are vascular plants, with 295,383 flowering plants (angiosperms; monocots: 74,273; eudicots: 210,008), and other groups: algae ca 44,000, liverworts ca 9,000, hornworts ca 225, mosses 12,700, lycopods 1,290, ferns 10,560 and gymnosperms 1,079. In 11.09.21 The Plant List - a united work including sources as Kew and MOBOT - showed exact 14,044 genera (SEE).
In June 13, 2024, there are 4,143 genera of angiosperms in South America; in Brazil occurs 2,763 (355 endemics), and the other 1,380 are those that occur in South America but not in Brazil (which this site reports under the names 'unbrazilian' and their synonime neologism 'exxogenera', SEE). Among genera of angiosperms, Brazil has the second amount in World, after China (3,003, SEE).
According to the VPA, on September 22, 2022, Brazil had 34,780 spp. of vascular plants, being 1,206 of Monilophytes, 171 of Lycophytes, 24 of gymnosperms and the other 33,379 of angiosperms (SEE), followed, in last group, closely by China (29,716, SEE).
4. ORDERS
APG recognizes 67 orders; South America has 57 of these, 53 in Brazil and 4 absents: Fagales, Desfontainiales, Berberidopsidales and Huertales; together, these four orders has 10 families, 16 genera and 46 spp. in continent.
5. FAMILIES
There are 437 families by APG, 284 in South America, 237 in Brazil; Brazil corresponds to 82.68% of families in South America and 54.04% of the world total; South America has 65.35% of the world's families. The table below shows the numbers of families by region.
| GROUP | WORLD | SOUTH AMERICA | BRAZIL | EXXOFAMILIES | G/SPP IN SOUTH AMERICA |
| AMBORELLANAE NYMPHAEANAE AUSTROBAILEYANAE CHLORANTHANAE MAGNOLIANAE |
27 | 17 | 15 | ATHEROSPERMATACEAE GOMORTEGACEAE |
2/2 |
| LILIANAE |
80 | 51 | 44 | ZOSTERACEAE MELANTHIACEAE CORSIACEAE PHILESIACEAE ASTELIACEAE TECOPHILEACEAE RESTIONACEAE |
11/17 |
| CERATOPHYLLANAE RANUNCULANAE PROTEANAE TROCHODENDRANAE BUXANAE MYROTHAMNANAE |
16 | 11 | 8 | LARDIZABALACEAE PAPAVERACEAE NELUMBONACEAE |
5/12 |
| DILLENIANAE VITANAE SAXIFRAGANAE |
17 | 8 | 5 | GROSSULARIACEAE SAXIFRAGACEAE HAMAMELIDACEAE |
7/59 |
| ROSANAE: FABIDS |
75 | 58 | 52 | NOTHOFAGACEAE FAGACEAE MYRICACEAE JUGLANDACEAE BETULACEAE CORIARIACEAE |
11/28 |
| ROSANAE: MALVIDS |
60 | 34 | 27 | ALZATEACEAE TAPISCIACEAE DIPENTODONTACEAE CYTINACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE KOEBERLINIACEAE TOVARIACEAE |
7/19 |
| SANTALANAE BERBERIDOPSIDANAE CARYOPHYLLANAE |
54 | 35 | 28 | MISODENDRACEAE AEXTOXICACEAE BERBERIDOPSIDACEAE FRANKENIACEAE HALOPHYTACEAE MONTIACEAE ANACAMPSEROTACEAE |
14/120 |
| ASTERANAE | 108 | 70 | 58 | POLEMONIACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE MITRASTEMONACEAE HYDRANGEACEAE CORNACEAE TETRACHONDRACEAE PELTANTHERACEAE PHRYMACEAE NAMACEAE COLUMELIACEAE PHYLLONOMACEAE STYLIDIACEAE |
25/130 |
| 437 | 284 | 237 | 83/445 |
Brazil has more families than Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, and less of them than Colombia (252), Venezuela (243) and Peru (242), and ties with Bolivia (237).
The 'A - B' symbol used in table below (checklist of families in Brazil against their neighbors countries with more families) represents the number of native families in country A that do not occur in country B.
Worldwide Mexico has 254 (Almanaque Z), but the largest amount being for China, with 257 families (SEE).
| COLOMBIA | 252 ✕ 237 | BRAZIL | ||
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CL - BR = 27 (Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Myricaceae, Collumeliaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Tapisciaceae, Polemoniaceae, Montiaceae, Actinidiaceae, Grossulariaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Cytinaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Phyllonomaceae, Papaveraceae, Nelumbonaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Alzateaceae, Phrymaceae, Peltantheraceae, Namaceae, Cornaceae, Tovariaceae, Coriariaceae and Tetrachondraceae). BR - CL = 12 (Hydnoraceae, Calyceraceae, Canellaceae, Quillajaceae, Nartherciaceae, Francoaceae, Cistaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Goodeniaceae and Griseliniaceae). |
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| VENEZUELA | 243 ✕ 237 | BRAZIL | ||
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VZ - BR = 18: (Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Myricaceae, Collumeliaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Tapisciaceae, Polemoniaceae, Montiaceae, Actinidiaceae, Grossulariaceae, Papaveraceae, Melanthiaceae, Namaceae, Phrymaceae, Cornaceae, Tovariaceae, Coriariaceae and Tetrachondraceae). BR - VZ = 12: (Hydnoraceae, Calyceraceae, Lepidobotryceae, Francoaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Strombosiaceae, Juncaginaceae, Griseliniaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Quillajaceae, Hydrophyllaceae and Gelsemiaceae). |
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| PERU | 242 ✕ 237 | BRAZIL | ||
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PR - BR = 22 (Tecophileaceae, Corsiaceae, Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Myricaceae, Collumeliaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Tapisciaceae, Polemoniaceae, Montiaceae, Actinidiaceae, Grossulariaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Phyllonomaceae, Papaveraceae, Saxifragaceae, Alzateaceae, Peltantheraceae, Namaceae, Phrymaceae, Cornaceae, Tovariaceae, Coriariaceae and Frankeniaceae). BR - PR = 17 (Thurniaceae, Quillajaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Cannellaceae, Cyrillaceae, Nartherciaceae, Griseliniaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Peridiscaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cymodoceaceae, Surianaceae, Cistaceae, Ixonanthaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Goodeniaceae and Euphroniaceae). |
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| BOLIVIA | 237 ✕ 237 | BRAZIL | ||
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BL - BR = 22 (Betulaceae, Juglandaceae, Myricaceae, Collumeliaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Polemoniaceae, Montiaceae, Actinidiaceae, Grossulariaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Phyllonomaceae, Papaveraceae, Saxifragaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Alzateaceae, Phrymaceae, Peltantheraceae, Namaceae, Cornaceae, Tovariaceae, Frankeniaceae and Anacampserotaceae). BR - BL = 22 (Cymodoceaceae, Thurniaceae, Taccaceae, Griseliniaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Nartherciaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Cannellaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Peridiscaceae, Euphroniaceae, Strombosiaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Quillajaceae, Goodeniaceae, Surianaceae, Cistaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Cyrillaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Bataceae and Tetrameristaceae). |
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South America has 49 unbrazilian families, together containing 83 genera and 445 spp. in continent, of which Conanthera, Zephyra (Tecophileaceae), Lapageria (Philesiaceae), Gomortega (Gomortegaceae), Pseudomonotes (Dipterocarpaceae), Schreiteria (Montiaceae), Halophytum (Halophytaceae), and Grahamia (Anacampserotaceae) are national endemisms.
10 of the exxofamilies have genera restricted to South America (Atherospermataceae, Gomortegaceae, Philesiaceae, Tecophylleaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Saxifragaceae, Nothofagaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Corsiaceae, and Collumeliaceae).
The largest speciose families in continent are Montiaceae (98), Brunelliaceae (61), Actinidiaceae (49), Grossulariaceae (51), Polemoniaceae (37), Hydrangeaceae (14), Phrymaceae (13), Nothofagaceae (10), Frankeniaceae (9), Dipentodontaceae (9), Tecophileaceae (9), Myricaceae (8), Misodendraceae (8), Saxifragaceae (7), Juglandaceae (6), Papaveraceae (5) and Collumeliaceae (5).
Zosteraceae and Berberidopsidaceae on the continent are restricted to Chile; Koeberliniaceae to Bolivia; Melanthiaceae to Venezuela; Nelumbonaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Fagaceae, Cytinaceae and Mitrastemonaceae to Colombia. Gomortegaceae is endemic to Chile and Halophytaceae is endemic to Argentina.
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| NATIONAL ENDEMIC GENERA IN EXXOFAMILIES, SINGLE COUNTRY-CONTINENTALLY EXXOFAMILIES, AND ENDEMIC EXXOFAMILIES |
Huge South American families absents in Brazil are the worldwide speciose Fagaceae (969), Papaveraceae (775), Dipterocarpaceae (695), Saxifragaceae, Actinidiaceae (448), Montiaceae (275), Polemoniceae and Grossulariaceae (192).
All exxofamilies has 3 or fewer genera in South America except Polemoniaceae (12), Montiaceae (7) and Saxifragaceae (5); 28 has only a single genus, 12 only two genera, three only three genera.
6. GENERA
96 Brazilian genera are underrepresented in country - with high representation in South America but very low in Brazil; 59 genera are hypercentered in the country; 88 genera are semiendemic - not endemic to Brazil but in our country they have only endemic species. For a complete and detailed list, see Odd Distributions in Brazil.
Brazilian largest genera are, via POWO (FEV 09, 2024, except Paepalanthus): Miconia (588), Eugenia (453), Myrcia (450), Mimosa (384), Croton (345), Piper (296), Solanum (281), Chamaecrista (278), Begonia (251), Paepalanthus (242), Paspalum (207) and Mikania (207).
Brazil's 355 endemic genera correspond to 12.87% of the country's genera and 8.564% of the continental total; the 13 countries together on the continent totaled 633 national endemic genera (SEE), 56.082% of them Brazilian and together corresponding to 15.271% of the continental amount. Suriname and Uruguay do not have endemic genera. 59 families has endemic genera in Brazil (inc. Ehretiaceae, Eriocaulaceae and Sapotaceae, excluding Ximeniaceae and Anisophylleaceae), being the only country in the world with an endemic genera in Martyniaceae and Humiriaceae.
And it is the only one in South America (in addition to the three above) in:
Achariaceae, Annonaceae, Capparaceae, Cleomaceae, Commelinaceae, Connaraceae, Convolvulaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Iridaceae, Lauraceae, Ochnaceae, Orobanchaceae, Linderniaceae, Lythraceae, Salicaceae, Polygalaceae, Menispermaceae and Celastraceae.
27 famlies has endemic genera in a single country outher Brazil, mainly in Chile:
| 11 | CHILE | Aristolochiaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Escalloniaceae, Francoaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Gomortegaceae, Phillesiaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Phytolacaceae, Tecophileaceae. | ||||
| 5 | ARGENTINA | Anacampserotaceae, Montiaceae, Halophytaceae, Heliotropiaceae, Calyceraceae. | ||||
| 3 | PERU | Costaceae, Muntingiaceae, Asparagaceae. | ||||
| 3 | GUYANA | Peridiscaceae, Passifloraceae, Erythropalaceae. | ||||
| 3 | COLOMBIA | Dipterocarpaceae, Vochysiaceae. | ||||
| 2 | VENEZUELA | Haemodoraceae, Xyridaceae. | ||||
6 families have endemic genera in more than one country in South America excluding Brazil. Argentina has the largest number of genera in country context, and Brassicaceae has the largest in family context - almost a fifth these genera are Brassicaceae genera endemics to Argentina.
| ZYGOPHYLLACEAE | 2 | 1 | |||||
| ERICACEAE | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| BRASSICACEAE | 4 | 3 | 8 | ||||
| LOASACEAE | 2 | ||||||
| RAPATEACEAE | 2 | 4 | |||||
| VERBENACEAE | 2 | 1 | |||||
| 8 | 5 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
Important groups without endemic genera in Brazil is Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae and Ericaceae. Brazil no has hyperendemic family (family that in the country is composed only of endemic genera), such as Dipterocarpaceae in Colombia.
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| NATIONAL HYPERENDEMIC FAMILIES IN SOUTH AMERICA |
7. ENDEMISM IN SPECIES
In 46 native families, Brazil has no endemic species (c. 1/5 of national families). Consequently, Brazil has endemic species in 190 families. In at least three, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae and Cabombaceae, is the only country in the world with such.
| GROUP | NUMBER | FAMILIES |
| AMBORELLANAE - MAGNOLIANAE | 1 | Chloranthaceae. |
| LILIANAE | 11 | Ruppiaceae, Juncaginaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Nartherciaceae, Taccaceae, Haemodoraceae, Typhaceae, Mayacaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae and Cannaceae. |
| CERATOPHYLLANAE - MYROTHAMNANAE | 2 | Ceratophyllaceae and Buxaceae. |
| DILLENIANAE, SAXIFRAGANAE, VITANAE | 2 | Peridiscaceae and Crassulaceae. |
| ROSANAE | 13 | Zygophyllaceae, Quillajaceae, Surianaceae, Brunelliaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Ixonanhthaceae, Apodanthaceae, Lepidobotryaceae, Muntigiaceae, Cistaceae, Bataceae and Staphylleaceae. |
| SANTALANAE, BERBERIDOPSIDANAE, CARYOPHYLLANAE | 9 | Coulaceae, Basellaceae, Aizoaceae, Talinaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Achatocarpaceae, Cyrillaceae and Tetrameristaceae. |
| ASTERANAE | 8 | Hydroleaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Calceolariaceae, Stemonuraceae, Menyanthaceae, Goodeniaceae, Adoxaceae and Griseliniaceae. |
ANGIOSPERM FAMILIES WITHOUT ENDEMIC SPECIES IN BRAZIL
LEVELS
1 Distribution range separate, gene flow absent or very restricted between the infraspecific populations and differing in characters that are significant for taxonomic species differentiation within the genus ........................................subsp.
1 Distribution ranges overlapping, gene flow possible and not differing in characters that are significant for taxonomic species differentiation within the genus ........................................2.
2 Populations separate........................................var.
2 Mixed populations present........................................f.
8. OTHER NOTES
In addition to the information above, we also highlight Rankings (SEE), a set of information on the diversity of South American flora analyzed under different aspects; for data on restrictions on Brazilian states, see by RESTRICTION or ENDEMISM.
By general notes for morphology, see Morphological Notes; several notes available in Almanaque Z blogspot for South American members of Lycophytes (SEE), Monilophytes (SEE), Gymnosperms (SEE), and Brazilian native members of Brassicaceae (Almanaque Z) and Caryophyllaceae (Almanaque Z). For an informal review of some groups, see Fagales in New World (Almanaque Z), Brassicaceae in New World (Almanaque Z), South American Poaceae (Almanaque Z) and New World Orchidaceae (Almanaque Z).
9. MORE INFORMATIONS
Points of high diversity are Rapateaceae in Venezuela, Magnoliacae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Heliconiaceae, Costaceae, Zingiberaceae, Brunnelliaceae, Gunneraceae, Ericaceae, Gesneriaceae, Campanulaceae and Cyclanthaceae in Colombia, Orchidaceae in Ecuador, Piperaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Crassulaceae, Grossulariaceae and Amaryllidaceae in Peru, Brassicaceae and Calyceraceae in Argentina, Loasaceae in Chile; for Brazil, some high diversities belongs Monimiaceae, Lauraceae, Bromeliaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae and Lamiaceae.
Morphologically, the largest absences in Brazil are mangroves Pelliciera (Colombia), carnivorous Pinguicula (Venezuela to Chile), holoparasitics Lennoa, Mitrastemon, Bdalophytum (Venezuela and Colombia) and Aphyllon (Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina), holomycotrophics Monotropa (Colombia), Degranvillea (French Guiana), Arachnitis, Tiputinia, Triuridopsis (Peru to Chile and Argentina), sea grasses Thallassia and Syringodium (Venezuela and Colombia) and dicot dissecation tolerant Bloosfeldia and Clinopodium (Bolivia, Argentina and Chile).
Brazil lacks strongest smaller taxa such as Peruvian terrestrial nanoplants (Viola, Begonia, Lysipomia), and huge species such as Puya raimondii (Peru, Bolivia) and Ceroxylon quindiuense (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru); large-seed species like Mora (Fabaceae), Pelleciera (Tetrameristaceae) and Attelea (Arecaeae) from Colombia to Peru.
10. BRAZILIAN FORMATIONS nomenclature that we use in English for some Brazilian vegetation and relief formations.
igapó ‣ seasonally flooded forest (igapó).
caatinga ‣ dry seasonal scrubland of NE Brazil (caatinga).
cerrado ‣ savannas of C Brazil (cerrado).
campinaranas ‣ north-amazonic white-sand savannas (campinaranas).
campos rupestres ‣ rocky grasslands (campos rupestres).
campos de altitude ‣ high altitud grasslands (campos de altitude).
cangas ‣ rocky-ferriginous grasslands (cangas).
restingas ‣ Atlantic sandy coastal shrublands (restingas).
Pico da Neblina ‣ Neblina Massif.
Serra do Aracá ‣ Aracá Massif.
11. CONTACT for contact use the form on the sidebar on the right.
UPDATES
08⋅11⋅2024 ‣ adjustment to the new position of Apodanthaceae in Malpighiales, rather than in Cucurbitales, by Alzate, J.F. et al. (Mol. Phyl. and Evolution, 2024).
07⋅11⋅2024 ‣ small corrections.
TERESINA, PIAUÍ, BRAZIL