Adelonema (Araceae) ‣ by Wong (Systematic Botany, 2016), two sections: Adelonema with 10 spp. (only one in Brazil), and Crumenaria with 6 spp. (3 in Brazil).
Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) ‣ by Waselkov et al. (Systematic Botany, 2018), four well defined clades, all in South America, not exactly concordant with the classical classification of the genus, only two in Brazil, ESA clade and Hybridus clade, three spp. each.
Amorimia (Malpighiceae) ‣ 15 spp. in two sections: subg. Amorimia (8, all in Brazil and endemics except by A. exotropica (Griseb.) W.R.Anderson up to E Paraguay) and subg. Uncinae (7, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru one endemic each, one in northern Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, and remaining three endemics to Brazil) - Almeida (Hoehnea, 2018).
Anthurium (Araceae) ‣ 18 sections accepted here - Croat (Aroideana, 1983); Croat, T. B., Lingán, J. & Hayworth, D. (Rodriguésia, 2005); Temporini (Thesis, 2006); Carlsen & Croat (Annals of Mss. Bot. Garden, 2019); for an illustrated breakdown of the genus, see Croat (MOBOT, 2017).
CLADE 1 - POLYPHYLLIUM
Polyphyllium - two spp., A. flexile Schott and and A. clidemioides Standley, Mexico to Colombia. Most basal member of genus.
CLADE 2 - U2D CLADE
Urospadix (inc. Chamaerepium) - 60 spp., endemic to E Brazil.
subclade 2 - Pachyneurium p.p., possibly absent in Brazil.
Dactylophyllium - 25 spp. (24 HERE, one added HERE), tropical America, 10 in Colombia, 7 in Brazil.
CLADE 3 - REMAINING TAXAAndiphilum - 25 spp., mainly Central America.
Calomystrium - 184 spp.
Leptanthurium - a single sp., A. gracile (Rudge) Schott, over tropical America.
Tetraspermuim - 35 spp., scandent hersb, over tropical America.
Belolonchium - 220 spp.
Cardiolonchium - 175 spp.
Decurrentia - 45 spp., from Central America to N Brazil.
Digitinervium - 41 spp., Costa Rica to tropical Andes.
Gymnopodium - only one sp., A. gymnopus Griseb. from Cuba.
Multinervia - 16 spp.
Pachyneurium - 156 spp. (inc. several species formerly placed in Urospadix section), birds’s nestings, over tropical America.
Polyneurium - tropical America.
Porphyrochitonium - 375 spp., a large group from Costa Rica to Ecuador, mainly in Colombia; only one sp. in Brazil, A. bakeri Hook.f. (SEE).
Semaeophyllium - 23 spp., Nicaragua to Peru (Carlsen & Croat, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2007).
Xialophyllium - 108 spp., tropical America.
Apodanthera (Cucurbitaceae) ‣ three sections in this genus: sect. Apodanthera (20, Ecuador to Cono Sur and S Brazil (5, 2 endemics), sect. Pseudoapodanthera (6, NE Brazil) and sect. Cucurbitopsis (6 spp., U.S.A. to Mexico) - Lima (Thesis, 2020).
Aralia (Araliaceae) ‣ by Jun Wen (Monography, 2011), six sections: sect. Aralia (3 in North American, 11 in Asian), sect. Dimorphanthus (2 in North American, 27 in Asia), sect. Humiles (3, North and Central America), sect. Nanae (1, North America), sect. Pentapanax (19, Asia) and sect. Sciadodendron (5 spp., one in Cuba, four in South America, 2 in Brazil, 1 endemic).
Arenaria (Caryophyllaceae) ‣ McNeill's (1962) classification (11 subgenera) has been discussed recently, with very important data on it put in S. Sadeghian et al. (Botanic Journal of Linnean Society, 2015): subg. Odontostemma and subg. Solitaria falls outside the core group of Arenaria; subg. Eremogoneastrum and subg. Eremogone is included in Eremogone independent; subg. Porphyrantha and Arenariastrum are nested in A. subgenus Arenaria; subg. Leiosperma is clearly monophyletic, but we reduce it to sectional level also in Arenaria s.s.; subg. Dolophragma possibly falls in more than one clade, all outside Arenaria s.s.; subg. Dicranilla has not been analyzed and remains part of Arenaria. Section Pseudomoehringia should be transferred from Moehringia to Arenaria. Thus, no formal classification is established for members of the genus.
Asemeria (Polygalaceae) ‣ two subgenera: subg. Asemeia (28, South and Central America, except for A. grandiflora (Walter) Small from North and Central America and the Caribbean) and subg. Apopetala (7, endemic to Central America and Mexico with one species, A. echinosperma (Görts) J. F. B. Pastore & J. R.Abbott, endemic to Suriname) - J. F. B. Pastore & J. R. Abbott (Kew Bulletin, 2012).
Augusta (Rubiaceae) ‣ two subgenera: subg. Lindenia (3, A.rivalis (Benth.) J.H. Kirkbr., endemic to Central America, and A. austrocaledonica (Brongn.) J.H. Kirkbr. and A.vitiensis (Seem.) J.H. Kirkbr. from Fiji) and subg. Augusta (1, A. longifolia (Spreng.) Rehder, endemic to Brazil) - Delprete & Jardim (Rodriguésia, 2012).
Bauhinia (Fabaceae) ‣ Wunderlin et al. (Biolgiske Skrifter Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1987), with updates for Wunderlin (Phytoneuron, 2010), only subg. Bauhinia occur in New World, divided in section Bauhinia, Pauletia, Amaria, Alvesia, Micralvesia, Telestria, Pseudophanera, Afrobauhinia and Gigasiphon, only three firsts in New World: sect. Pauletia (c. 70; tropical America and two in S Asia, China, and Malesian Area), sect. Bauhinia (17, Mexico, adjacent United States (Texas), northern Central America, Greater Antilles, and NE Brazil), and sect. Amaria (c. 15, N South America to Mexico).
Begonia (Begoniaceae) ‣ Moonlight et al. (Taxon, 2018) monographed the genus sub-classification, and defined 70 sections (82 spp. not are assignated in any secton), with 33 of them in the New World, joined with 652 spp., all exclusive.
Parietoplacentaria (3, Mexico to Panama), Urniformia (1, Guatemala to Panama) and Quadriperigonia (20, Mexico to Honduras) has 24 spp. and do not occur in South America.
Barya (2, Ecuador and Peru), Australes (20, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru), Gobenia (16 Colombia to Peru), Hidristyles (11, Colombia, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia), Eupetalum (16, Venezuela to Argentina), Microtuberosa (1, Peru), Pilderia (6, Guyana to Peru and Trinidad e Tobago), Semibegoniella (15, Colombia and Ecuador), Warburginna (1, Bolivia) have together 88 spp., and are restricted to South America but do not occur in Brazil.
Astrothrix (5, Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states), Gaerdtia (8, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), Kollmannia (2, Espirito Santo state), Latistigma (5, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), Pereirae (5, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), Solananthera (3, E Brazil), Stellandrae (1, São Paulo), Tetrachia (16, E Brazil) and Trachelocarpus (5, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) have 50 spp together. and they are all endemic to Brazil - with emphasis on largest Tetrachia.
Lepsia (8, Panama and tropical South America), Pritzelia (148, tropical South America to Costa Rica), Rossmannia (1, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) and Donaldia (3, over tropical South America) together have 170 spp. and occur exclusively in South America (all including Brazil) except for a few that extend as far as Costa Rica.
Ephemera (14, over tropical South America), Knesbeckia (52, over tropical New World), Wageneria (7, over tropical New World) occur from Mesoamerica to Brazil and together contains 73 spp.
Gireoudia (111, Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela), Casparia (28, Costa Rica to Peru) and Ruizopavonia (32, Mexico to Bolivia) occur from Mexico (or Costa Rica) to the Central Andes and Venezuela (but not in Brazil) and together have 171 spp.
Cyathocnemis has 18 spp. from Colombia to Bolivia, but 4 spp. Brazil and Venezuela may belong to this group.
41 spp are allocated in the section Begonia endemic to the Caribbean, but 5 spp. quite isolated from E Brazil and Paraguay may belong to this group.
Finally, the Doratometra section has 8 spp. spread across tropical America, inc. Begonia wallichiana Lehm. also collected from Vietnan (!), possibly due to human dispersion.
Berberis (Berberidaceae) ‣ 132 spp. in South America, all within Australes group, a taxa endemic to continent, in 16 sections, by Adhikari & al. (Taxon, 2015), only three in Brazil: Buxifoliae, Ilicifoliae and Laurinae; 4 are exclusive to Argentina and Chile, but the two largest (25 and 22 spp.) are from the tropical Andes; only Chile has an endemic section (Corymbosae, 4).
Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) ‣ by Hofreiter (Systematic Botany, 2008), four subgenera belongs this genus: subg. Baccata (5, Panamá to N Colombia in South America), subg. Bomarea (80, all range of genus, including the single Brazilian species), subg. Wichuraea (18, high Andes) and subg. Sphaerine (12 spp., Venezuela to Bolivia).
Brunfelsia (Solanaceae) ‣ two disjunct clades: sect. Brunfelsia from Caribbean, and South American clade from South America - N. Filipowicz, S.S. Renner (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2012).
Buddleja (Scrophulariaceae) ‣ 7 sections, 5 only Africa and adjacent Arabia (c. 10), sect. Alternifoliae from Asia (25), and the sect. Buddleja (66) restricted of New World - J.H. Chau et al. (Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2017).
Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) ‣ all New World species of this genus belongs a monophyletic lineage, and are divided in six sextions, all in Brazil, with sect. Napelii near endemic to country - Smidt & al. (Taxon, 2011).
Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) ‣ 24 sections within 3 subgenera by Molau (1988), but most of them are polyphyletic, and the division proves to be unsuitable - Andersson (Taxon, 2006).
Callandrinia (Montiaceae) ‣ two sections, sect. Calandrinia (8, W America, distributed along the American cordillera nearly from British Colombia to SW U.S.A. and NW Mexico, central Mexico to the Central Andes of N Argentina (except Panama), Buenos Aires Province in Argentina, throughout all but the southernmost, and one species possibly native to the Falkland Islands) and sect. Cespitosae (11, W South America, two species of the Central Andes, one extending to Central America and southern Mexico) - Hershkovitz (Article, 2019).
Calliandra (Fabaceae) ‣ two subgenera, subg. Afrocalliandra in Africa, and subg. Calliandra in New World, with six sections, four in Brazil, with sect. Monticola (37) endemic to eastern part of country, and sect. Tsugoides (4) restricted from N South Amerca; the absents are Calliandra (10, Caribbean, Mexico, Guatemala) and sect. Septentrionalis (6, U.S.A. to Mexico) - Souza & al. (Taxon, 2013), and Thulin (Phytotaxa, 2023).
Capsicum (Solanaceae) ‣ initial data of Carrizo & García et al. (Annals of Botany, 2016), if formalization of groups, include 11 clades in the genus, all but two restricteds for continent, with Longidentatum and Atlantic Forest clades endemics to Brazil; Baccatum, Caatinga and Flexuosum with species in Brazil, some up to other countries, but confined to South America; Bolivian, Pubescens, Purple Corolla and Tovarii in Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia; Andean Clade from Central to W South America; and Annuum Clade with 4 spp., C. galapagoense Hunz., C. frutescens L., C. chinense L. and C. annuum L.; whereas C. annuum var. glabriusculum is known as a weed throughout Central and northern South America up to southern North America, C. annuum var. annuum, C. frutescens and C. chinense are only known from cultivation.
Callisthene (Vochysiaceae) ‣ two sections, both in Brazil: Callisthene and Cataphyllantha - Gonçalves et al. (American Journal of Botany, 2020).
Carex (Cyperaceae) ‣ six subgenera, Carex, Psyllophorae, Uncinia and Vignea occur in Brazil, subg. Euthyceras (124) occur in northern hemispheres, with C. arctogea Harry Sm. disjunct in Argentina and Chile, some specie also in New Zealand, and subg. Soderostrica (30) is restricted from E Asia - Roalson et al. (J. Syst. Evol., 2021).
Cattleya (Orchidaceae) ‣ 4 subgenera, subg. Cattleya (91) with three sections: sect. Cattleya (17, over South America), sect. Crispae (71, over South America) and sect. Lawrenceanae (3, N Brazil and Venezuela); subg. Cattleyella (1, S Pará to Tocantins state, in center Brazil), subg. Intermediae (21, over South America, mainly Brazil) and subg. Maximae (1, Venezuela to Peru) - Van Den Berg (Phytotaxa, 2014).
Campylocentrum (Orchidaceae) ‣ 5 sections in this genus, all native from Brazil, with sect. Teretifolium full endemic to country - M. Pessoa et al. (Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2018).
Cestrum (Solanaceae) ‣ three sections: sect. Cestrum (over range of genus and almost all species), sect. Habrothamnus (8, Mexico to Central America), and sect. Pseudocestrum (1, Hispaniola) - Montero-Castro et al. (Systematic Botany, 2018).
Chamaecrista (Fabaceae) ‣ 4 sections - Apoucouita, Baseophyllum, Chamaecrista and Absus, the last with three subsections: Absus, Viscosa and Zygophyllum - (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2021); all sections have endemic species in Brazil, sects. Apoucouita and Baseophyllum near endemics to country, the latter highly disjunct in Brazil and Cuba; for revision of sect. Absus, see Souza et al. (Phytotaxa, 2022).
Chascolytrum (Poaceae) ‣ 8 sections, all in Brazil, with sect. Poidium endemic to country - L. N. da Silva et al. (Botanic Journal of Linnean Society, 2020).
Chusquea (Poaceae) ‣ 5 genera, 6 sections and 5 groups, all from Brazil except four sections within subg. Chusquea (Longifoliae, Longiprophyllae, Serpentes and Verticillatae), C. culeou group in subg. Swallenochloa from southern Andes (0–2,000m), and subg. Platonia from Colombia to Ecuador - Fisher et al. (Systematic Botany, 2014).
Cistanthe (Montiaceae) ‣ two sections, sect. Cistanthe (10-12, all but one perennial, primarily in Chile, one extending into San Juan Province, Argentina, and two endemic to Peru) and sect. Rosulatae (c. 26, mainly Chile, four extending into Argentina, one primarily in Peru but now collected in Chile, one endemic to Peru, and two in SW North America) - Hershkovitz (Article, 2019).
Citharexylum (Verbenaceae) ‣ by O´Leary et al. (American Journal of Botany, 2020), three subgenera: subg. Purpuratum (1, endemic to Mexico), Citharexylum (sects. Citharexylum, Mexicanum, Pluriflorum) and subg. Sudamericanum (sects. Andinum, Caribe and Sylvaticum); three sections are exclusive from U.S.A to Nicaragua; one is exclusive to Caribbean; and remaining three in South America: sect. Citharexylum (25-30) belongs subg. Citharexylum, mainly Mesoamerica, six extend into the Caribbean and N South America, absent in Brazil; sect. Sylvaticum (11) belongs subg. Sudamericanum, throughout South America from northern Andes to SE Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina; and sect. Armatum (11) belongs also subg. Sudamericanum, from central Andes in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, two Colombia and Ecuador, with C. montevidense reaching intolowlands of NE Argentina, S Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay), distributions based on O´Leary et al. (Annals of the Misssouri Botanical Garden, 2021).
Clethra (Clethraceae) ‣ two sections, sect. Clethra (24, 22 in China, Korean Peninsula, Japan, Taiwan, SE Asia, Malesia to New Guinea, and two in North America) and sect. Cuellaria (57) in two subsections: subsect. Cuellaria (56, Central and South America inc. Brazil) and subsect. Pseudocuellaria (a single sp., C. arborea Aiton, from Madeira) - Villarreal (Ibaguna, 2018).
Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ genus with 8 sections, Gramnifolius and Oligandrae endemics to Brazil, two from Brazil up to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru, Acrandrae and Pachyandrae endemics to Caribbean, one widely distributed and Calyptrosolen (20), mainly in Mexico and Central America but with a few species in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela - Maya-Lastra & Steinmann (Taxon, 2018).
Cobaea (Polemoniaceae) ‣ 4 sections: sect. Cobaea is mainly Mexican, with one species occurring in the Andes; sect. Pachysepalae is restricted to southern Mexico and Guatemala; sect. Rosenbergia is widespread in the neotropics; and sec. Triovulatae is restricted to central Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama - Prater (Systematic Botany, 1999).
Croton (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 31 sections in the New World, 22 in South America, of which three are absent from Brazil: Olivacei (1, Ecuador and Peru); Cupreati (1, Colombia and Ecuador) and Drepanii (6, only C. costatus (weed) in South America, on the coast of Colombia and Venezuela); and 5 are endemic: Cordifolii, Eutropia, Luetzelburgiorum, Prisci and Quadrilobi - Van Ee & al. (Taxon, 2011).
Diacidia (Malpighiaceae) ‣ two subgenera: subg. Sipapoa (10, S Venezuela and adjacent Brazil) and subg. Diacidia (only D. galphimioides Griseb., widely distributed in the drainages of Río Negro and Río Vaupés in Venezuela, Colombia, and Amazonas state in N Brazil) - Malpighiaceae Genera (SEE).
Dilkea (Passifloraceae) ‣ two subgenera (Epkia and Dilkea), with six spp. each, both from Brazil - Feuillet (PhytoKeys, 2011).
Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) ‣ genus with many classical circumscriptions; by Noda & al. (Acta Phytotax., 2020), 11 major clades belongs in genus, with New World members falling in three of them (NWI, NWII and NWIII) in erected subg. Helmia. Old World lineages was revised in Noda et al. (Acta Phytotax., 2020); following S. Couto et al. (Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2018), NWI corresponding to former D. subg. Dioscorea, restricted to the Neotropics, with three small clades: Epipetrum, Microdioscorea and Nanarepenta; NWII corresponding to D. subg. Helmia restricted to the Neotropics; D. dodecaneura Vell., D. stegelmanniana R.Knuth, and species representatives of D. section Rajania form the NWIII. Only one species with Neotropical occurrence appears in this analysis outside the clades mentioned above, Brazilian D. mollis Kunth, from sect. Opsophyton, a almost exclusively Old World section with 5-6 spp. (Flora of China).
Dorstenia (Moraceae) ‣ by Carauta (Rodriguésia, 1978), the South American species of this genus fall into 4 sections: sect. Dorstenia (7), sect. Emygdioa (10), sect. Lecania (23, endemic to E Brazil) and sect. Sychinia (4, endemic to SE Brazil) - however, a recent work falls all New World taxa in the restrited sect. Dorstenia (Vianna-Filho MDM et al., Rodriguésia, 2021).
Drosera (Droseraceae) ‣ by Gonella (Thesis, 2017), except for D. regia Stephens and D. arcturi Hook., two large clades emerges:
subg. Drosera with 8 sections, 4 centered in Australia (Arachnopus, Stelogyne, Prolifera and Psychophila), and four with/or also Neotropical and African distribution:
sect Thelocalyx (2) ‣ two spp. highly disjuncts, one in Australia and D. sessiliflora A. St-Hill. in northern South America inc. Brazil.
sect. Brasiliae (18) ‣ 18 spp., all endemics to Brazil except D. montana A.St.-Hil. up to Peru and Bolivia.
sect. Drosera ‣ temperate and diploid Neotropical taxa, as well as D. spatulata Labill and allied taxa; 26 spp. in New World, 12 in Brazil (three endemics), 5 in Brazil and other some places but confined to South America; 4 in Brazil up to Central and North America; 14 outside Brazil: 4 in Guiana Highlands near Brazilian borders and possibly in Brazil, 5 exclusive from North America, D. uniflora Willd. in Cono Sur, three in high Andes from Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, and D. moaensis Panfet endemic to Caribbean.
sect. Pycnostigma ‣ all species belonging to the ‘African clade’, which comprises all Drosera species occurring on the African continent, with the exception of D. regia (D. subg. Regiae) and D. indica L. (D. sect. Arachnopus).
subg. Ergaleium (‘Australian Clade’), comprising six sects: Coelophylla, Lasiocephala, Bryastrum, Erythrorhiza, Stolonifera and Ergaleium, with a single South America species, D. meristocaulis Maguire & Wurdack from Venezuela, near Brazilian border.
Dysphania (Amaranthaceae) ‣ by Uotila et al. (Taxon, 2020), there are 5 sections in this genus, two with representatives in the New World: sect. Adenois (13 spp., two in North America, one in Tristan de Cunha, and remaining 10 in South America) and sect. Incisa (2, D. graveolens (Willd.) Mosyakin & Clemants in S North America and D. mandonii (S.Watson) Mosyakin & Clemants in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru).
Elvasia (Ochnaceae) ‣ subg. Hostmannia (9-10, circum-Amazonian distribution, one up to Central America) and subg. Elvasia (4-5, concentrated in the Amazon rainforest), and E. brevipedicellata Ule uncertainly placed in the current subgeneric classification- Fraga & Saavedra (Novon, 2006).
Erisma (Vochysiaceae) ‣ two sections: Erisma and Rixa, both with near a half of species and, consequently, present in Brazil - Litt & Stevenson (American Journal of Botany, 2003).
Eryngium (Apiaceae) ‣ two well defined clades: subg. Eryngium, 'Old World' clade, including all species from Africa, Europe, and Asia, except four western Mediteranean species; and subg. Monocotyloidea, 'New World' clade, including all species from New World plus Mediterranean species afore mentioned - Calviño et al. (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2008).
Erythranthe (Phrymaceae) ‣ 12 sections, 8 only in North America/Mexico (29), two from Asia/North America (18 in North America and 10 in Asia), and three also in South America: sect. Sinopitheca (4, Asia and E. bridgesii (Benth.) G.L. Nesom in Chile and Argentina), sect. Mimulosma (18, E. stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L. Nesom from Russia, 17 spp. from U.S.A. and Mexico, E. moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Chile) and sect. Simiola (38, restricted from North America and Mexico, nine in Chile (4 of then reaching into Argentina, 1 into Bolivia) and adjacent southern coast of Peru, and one, E. glabrata (Kunth) G.L. Nesom, in U.S.A., Mexico, and disjunct in Colombia) - Barker, Nesom, Beardsley & Fraga (Phytoneuron, 2012).
Eugenia (Myrtaceae) ‣ New World members falls in nine sections, all in Brazil but none endemics, some, however, near endemics; Old World members remains pending for conclusive works - Mazine et al. (Phytotaxa, 2016).
Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ a large and high morphological diverse genus with 4 subgenera and 64 sections, only 18 in New World, 10 in Brazil.
subg. Athymalus ‣ 7 sections and 148 spp., sects. Crotonoides, Anthacanthae are restrcted from tropical Africa; sect. Antso is endemic to Madagascar; sect. Pseudacalypha, Lyciopsis and Somalica extends up to Arabian peninsula; sect. Balsamis occur from Asia to S Arabian Peninsula, Socotra, as well as in West Africa and the Canary Islands - Peirson et al. (Taxon, 2013).
subg. Chamaescyse ‣ 556-574 spp., 15 sections, sects. Articulofruticosae, Gueinziae, Espinosae, Scatorhizae and Tenellae are exclusive from mainland Africa; Bosseriae, Denisiae and Plagianthae are endemic to Madagascar; Frondosae and Cheirolepidium occur from Africa to Arabian region and C Asia; sect. Eremophyton occur only in Australia, New Caledonia and Vanuatu; endemic sections occur only in South Africa and Madagascar. The four remaining sections occur in New World, with sect. Alectoroctonum and Poinsettia from North to South America and Caribbean (3 and 2 spp. in Brazil, respectively), sect. Crossadenia with 12 spp., 11 endemics to Brazil and one endemic to Bolivia, and sect. Anisophyllum cosmopolitan, with 30 spp. in Brazil - Yang. & al. (Taxon, 2012).
subg. Esula ‣ 457 spp. in 21 sections, several sections exclusive from Europe to China, Thailand and Japan, India and northern Africa (Arvales, Biumbellatae, Calyptratae, Chylogala, Guyonianae, Herpetorrhizae, Holophyllum, Lagascae, Myrsiniteae, Pachycladae, Patellares, Sclerocyathium, Szovitsiae, joined 149 spp.); sect. Aphyllis and Exiguae extends up to Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius; the monotypic sect. Lathyris is found mostly in cultivation or near human settlements, widely distributed by humans and found in temperate or subtropical regions worldwide; sect. Esula ranges up to Africa, Madagascar, Réunion, Indonesia (Java), New Zealand, and Samoa; the three New World sections all also occur in this center area, with sect. Helioscopia with 26 spp. in New World, inc. two in South America (E. philippiana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. from Chile and E. spathulata Lam. disjunct from Canada to Mexico, and southern Brazil, NE Argentina and Uruguay); sect. Paralias has E. trichotoma Kunth as outlier in S. Florida, SE. Mexico to Belize, Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands; sect. Tithymalus has with 35 spp., 7 native to and restricted to the Old World from the eastern Mediterranean region to Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, E. peplus L. presumably native to the Mediterranean region but is now widespread worldwide; the remaining species are native to the New World from United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America and Hispaniola - Riina et al. (Taxon, 2013).
subg. Euphorbia ‣ 661 spp. in 21 sections, sects. Monadenium, Rubellae and Tirucalli are exclusive from tropical Africa with the last up to Arabian Peninsula; sects. Denisophorbia, Goniostema, Deuterocalli, Pachysanthae and Pervilleanae occur only in Madagascar up to Mayotte and Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Mauritius; sect. Euphorbia is widespread across most of Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and in southern Asia from Pakistan to Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea; sect. Pacificae occur in Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, and Pacific Islands (Norfolk Island, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Hawaii); 11 occur in New World, six very restricted from Mexico (Calyculatae, Tanquahuete), Caribbean (Cubanthus), Chile/Bolivia region (Portulacastrum, Lactifluae) and Brazil (Brasilienses); sects. Mesophyllae and Stachydium are small exclusively from tropical America with 1-2 sp. in Brazil each; sect. Euphorbiastrum occur in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru to S Mexico and Caribbean, and sect. Nummulariopsis in SE U.S.A., Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay; sect. Crepidaria, over in Caribbean Basin - Dorsey et al. (Taxon, 2013).
Ficus (Moraceae) ‣ six subgenera, subg. Ficus (Malesian region and mainland Asia), subg. Pharmacosycea (New World, Pacific to West Africa), subg. Sycidium (West Africa to Pacific region), subg. Synoecia (New World, Pacific to West Africa), subg. Sycomorus (West Africa to Pacific region) and subg. Urostigma (New World, Pacific to West Africa - Clement et al. (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2020).
Fuchsia (Onagraceae) ‣ nine sections: sect. Eclliandra (6, Mexico to Central America), sect. Ellobium (3, Mexico to Central America), sect. Fuchsia (61, tropical Andes, Hispaniola), sect. Hemsleyella (14, tropical Andes), sect. Jimenezia (only one sp., Panamá and Costa Rica), sect. Kierschlegelia (only one sp., endemic to Chile), sect. Quelusia (9, 8 from highlands of SE Brazil, and a single F. magellanica Lamarck, from S Chile and Argentina), sect. Schufia (2, Mexico to Central America) and sect. Skinnera (4, New Zealand and Tahiti) - Berry (Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden, 1982).
Gaylussacia (Ericaceae) ‣ although not phylogenetically supported, the classical division of this genus includes three subgenera: sect. Decamerium (6, U.S.A., one reaching to Canada), sect. Gaylussacia (3, North America and 46 in South America) and sect. Vitis-idaea (only G. brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray from E U.S.A., possibly in Vaccinium) - Floyd (Systematic Botany, 2002).
Geranium (Geraniaceae) ‣ three subgenera: subg. Robertium (8 sections, absent in South America), subg. Geranium (150 spp. in South America, 3 in Brazil) and subg. Eroidiodeae with 4 sections, one in E Africa, two from Europe and adjacent Asia, and sect. Brasiliensia (3), Brazil and adjacent Uruguay - Aedo (Systematic Botany, 2001).
Gossypium (Malvaceae) ‣ 4 genera: subg. Sturtia (17, Australia), subg. Gossypium (16, Old World), subg. Houzingenia (13, New World, 10 exclusive to Mexico, 1 to N Mexico to S U.S.A., Ecuador and Peru one endemic each, see Grover et al. in Genome Biol. Evol., 2019), and subg. Karpas (5, G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. cultivars, in addition to 3 micro-endemics: one in Hawai, another in Galápagos, and G. mustelinum Miers ex G. Watt, endemic to NE Brazil) - Wendel et al. in Physiology of Cotton (2009).
Griffinia (Amaryllidaceae) ‣ subg. Griffinia (17, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro states, also Bahia and Pernambuco states) and subg. Hyline (2, NE Brazil to W.C. region) - Meerow et al. (Article, 2002).
Gunnera (Gunneraceae) ‣ six sections: sect. Gunnera (1, Africa and Madagascar); sect. Pseudogunnera (1, SE Asia to New Guinea); sect. Milligania (6, one in Tasmania and remaining in New Zealand), sect. Panke (43, neotropical, 2 in Hawaii, inc. G. manicata Linden ex André endemic to Brazil); sect. Misandra (2, Andean region); and sect. Ostenigunnera (1, G. herteri Osten, from the extreme south of Brazil and Uruguay) - H. P. et al. (The Families and Genera of Flowering Plants, 2007, edit.).
Harrisia (Cactaceae) ‣ two subgenera and 4 sections: subg. Harrisia: sect. Adscendens (1, Brazil); sect. Harrisia (15, Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Florida); subg. Eriocereus: sect. Eriocereus (6, Argentina, Bolivia, S Brazil, Paraguay); and sect. Roseocereus (1, Bolivia) - Franck (Phytoneuron, 2016).
Harpalyce (Fabaceae) ‣ three disjunct sections, sect. Brasilianae (12, C Brazil, one up to Bolivia), sect. Harpalyce (9, Mexico and Mesoamerica) and sect. Cubensis (17, Cuba) - São Mateus (Thesis, 2018).
Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) ‣ by Kress (Acta Botanica Brasilica, 1990), all four New World subgenera occur in Brazil - the fifth, exception, is subg. Heliconiopsis restricted of Melanesia.
Heliotropium (Heliotropiaceae) ‣ 4 clades, three in South America: Heliothamnus clade (11, a single section, Chile and Peru), Cochranea clade (17, a single section, Andes from Colombia to Chile), and Tournefortia clade (170, eight sections in South America, of which only Hypsogenia and Plagiomeris (both from Puna to Patagonian and Mediterranean Andes) do not occur in Brazil) - F. Luebert et al. (Science Direct, 2011).
Herrania (Malvaceae) ‣ two sections: sect. Herrania (3, Panamá, Colombia and Venezuela) and sect. Subcymbicalyx (14, over range of genus) - C. R. S. Silva and A. Figueira (Plant Syst. Evol., 2004).
Hieracium (Astearaceae) ‣ three subgenera (Fehrer et al, MDPI, 2022, also VPA): subg. Hieracium (c. 4,300 spp., Eurasia, with the diploid species H. umbellatum L. up to North America), subg. Pilosella (150, mainly distributed in Europe and West Asia, and comprises a few native species occurring in NW Africa), and subg. Chionoracium (129, only of entirely sexual, diploid species, 39 spp. from North America to Panamá and 90 spp. in South America).
Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) ‣ two subgenera, subg. Hippeastrum (c. 80) from over range of genus, and subg. Tocantinia (3) from C Brazil - García et al. (Taxon, 2019).
Homalolepis (Simaroubaceae) ‣ two sections, sect. Homalolepis (15, mainly in the extra-Amazon rainforest part of South America) and sect. Grandiflorae (13, South and Central America) - Devecchi (Thesis, 2017).
Hypericum (Hypericaceae) ‣ two subgenera, subg. Brathys with three sections: sect. Myriandra (30, E North America, Mexico, Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Bermuda), sect. Brathys (88, Andes S to Peru & Bolivia, C & E North America) and sect. Trigynobrathys (59, New World, E & S Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, tropical & S Africa); and subg. Hypericum (27 sections, Old World and six from North America up to Central America, one endemic to Mexico) - Robinson (Phytotaxa, 2016).
Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) ‣ phylogeny of Ipomoea and shows the genus is divided into two clades of similar size, dominated by species from the Old World and New World respectively but with many exceptions: The Old World Clade (OWC) and New World Clade (NWC, 450). NWC is dominated by species from the Americas, but which also includes all species endemic to Australia, with two very large clades are recognizable, one mostly South American but including Batatas, a second very large, mainly Mexican clade, and four smaller clades, one essentially African with one New World endemic (I. habeliana Oliv.) - Wood et al. (PhytoKeys, 2020).
Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae) ‣ four sections, sect. Copaia (1, Central America to Bolivia, Brazil and Guianas), sect. Dilobos (more than half of the species of the genus, all restricted to Brazil), sect. Nematopogon (3, Guyana to Bolivia and Peru) and sect. Jacaranda (11, from South America, J. caucana Pittier up to Central America, and six restricted for Caribbean) - Ragsac et al. (American Journal of Botany, 2019).
Juglans (Juglandaceae) ‣ 4 sections, sect. Trachycaryon monotypic endemic to E North America, sect. Juglans with J. regia L. from Europe to China and the Himalayas and J. sigillata Dode endemic to China, sect. Cardiocaryon with three spp. from China, Japan and Korea; and sect. Rhysocaryon (16), the black walnuts, endemic to the New World and includes nine North American, three Central American and all four South American taxa - Mallikarjuna (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2006).
Ludwigia (Onagraceae) ‣ 23 sections (14 monotypics), nine - with joined 11 spp. - are only Old World, mainly in Africa; sections Oligospermum, Macrocarpon and Seminuda (18) are mixed Old and New World, all of these from Brazil; sects. Ludwigia, Isnardia and Microcarpium (23) occur in North America to Caribbean, mainly in E U.S.A; 8 sections are exclusively from New World occur in South America, all in Brazil, with three very restricteds: sect. Cinerascentes (1, Suriname and N Brazil), sect. Amazonia (1, N South America) and Anastomosans (1, endemic to Brazil) - Wagner, Hoch & Raven (Systematic Botany, 2007).
Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) ‣ by Pérez et al. (Phytotaxa, 2016), three sections of this genus occur in the New World: sect. Macrophylla (6, U.S.A. and Mexico), sect. Magnolia (27, U.S.A. to Central America and Cuba) and sect. Talauma, this arriving in South America, with 4 subsections: subsect. Chocotalauma (6, three in Colombia and three in Ecuador), subsect. Cubenses (10, Caribbean), subsect. Dugandiodendron (22, E Venezuelan and Andes from Colombia to Peru) and subsect. Talauma (Mexico to the south of Brazil, including the other 35 spp. on the continent, four of then in Brazil).
Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 19 sections, 14 in Brazil, with Brevipetiolatae, Glazioviinae, Grandibracteatae, Quinquelobae and Stipularis all endemics to Brazil (33), Caerulescentes, Crotalaria, Graciles, Peltata, Tripartita and Variifoliae all from Brazil to Paraguay and/or Bolivia and/or Argentina (21), Heterophyllae, Peruviana and Sinuatae from Brazil up to N South America (11); 4 absents to Brazil, sect. Anisophyllae (2, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay), sect. Carthaginensis (2, N Venezuela to N Colombia), sect. Foetidae (6, endemic to Mexico) and sect. Parvibracteatae (11, Arizona in U.S.A. to Panamá); and one with a single cultigen species, sect. Manihot (only M. esculenta Cranz., possibly native from Brazil) - Rogers and Appan (Flora Neotropica, 1973).
Melochia (Malvaceae) ‣ 5 sections, sect. Melochia (11, has 8 only in New World, two anfi-atlantic, and one endemic to Africa), sect. Physodium (3, endemic to Mexico), sect. Visenia (12, Asia and the eastern Pacific), sect. Mougeotia (18, Mexico to Uruguay and northern Argentina) and sect. Pyramis (14, only New World except the pantropical M. pyramidata L., known also in Mascarene Islands and Malesia to northern Australia) - Stewart (Malvaceae Info, 2010).
Meriania (Melastomataceae) ‣ five sections: Eumerianie, Umbellata, Pachymeriae, Davya and Adelbertia, the two lasts in Brazil - Chiavegatto & Baumgratz (Systematic Botany, 2015).
Micropholis (Sapotaceae) ‣ two sections: sect. Micropholis (29) widely distributed throughout tropical America; and sect. Exsertistamen (9) from Guianas region that extends through the Brazilian Amazon to Peru - Pennington (Royal Botanical Garden, 1991).
Mimosa (Fabaceae) ‣ five sections, all occur in Brazil (41 series, some absents in Brazil), three of them mainly restricteds for South America; for details, see Barneby (Sensivae Censitea, 1991).
Moeroris (Phyllanthaceae) ‣ genus currently divided in three subgenera: sub. Moeroris (179, 154 in Old World, 15 endemics to Caribbean, 10 in mainland tropical America, 6 in Brazil), subg. Swartziani (4, one in North America, and 3 in Africa) and subg. Tenellanthus (16, Old World) - Bouman et al. (Phytotaxa, 2022).
Mollinedia (Monimiaceae) ‣ two sections in this genus: sect. Appendiculatae (c. 38, over range of genus) and Exappendiculatae (c. 24, Colombia, Peru and SE Brazil) - Peixoto (Rodriguesia, 1979).
Montia (Montiaceae) ‣ three sections, sect. Montia (6, including the widespread M. fontana L. and two species from NW South America), sect. Australiensis (9, 8 in Australia/New Zealand and one in NW North America and SW Canada) and sect. Montiastrum (4, NW North America and NE Asia) - Hershkovitz (Article, 2019).
Montiopsis (Montiaceae) ‣ two subgenera, subg. Montiopsis (15, mainly Chile and Argentina, one up to Peru, and one up to Bolivia) and subg. Dianthoideae (3, Argentina and Chile) - Hershkovitz (Article, 2019).
Myrcia (Myrtaceae) ‣ nine sections, all in Brazil - Lucas et al. (Kew Bulletin, 2018).
Nicotiana (Solanaceae) ‣ 13 sections: sects. Polydicliae, Repandae and Trigonophyllae with 8 spp. and exclusively from U.S.A. to Mexico; sects. Noctiflorae, Paniculatae, Rusticae, Sylvestres, Tomentosae and Undulatae, with 26 spp. and all exclusively from South America but absents in Brazil; sect. Alatae with 8 spp., tropical America, including all Brazilian members; sect. Nicotiana with only naturalized worldwide N. tabacum L.; sect. Petunioides with 8 spp., U.S.A. to South America, absent in Brazil, and sect. Suaveolentes with 26 spp. from Australia, New Caledonia and Namibia - Knapp et al. (Taxon, 2004).
Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) ‣ six subgenera: subg. Anecpjya (9, Australia), subg. Brachyceras (20, inc. N. ampla (Salisb.) DC., N. elegans Hook. and N. pulchella DC. in South America, only the third in Brazil), subg. Confluentes (7, tropical areas of Australasia), subg. Hydrocallis (21, all in South America, 19 in Brazil, six endemics), subg. Lotus (4, Africa, Philippines and in a hot springs in Romania and Hungary) and subg. Nymphaea (6, Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand and Asia) - Borsch et al (International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2007), updated in Jakob (Book, 2007); Victoria-Adventure (SEE) provides a complete list of species by clade.
Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) ‣ 4 subgenera: subg. Oxalis (19 sections, by the same author, with many species in Brazil), subg. Thamnoxys (73 spp. in 9 sections, by Abreu, MC, Silva, MJ & Sales, MF (Rodriguésia, 2012), centered in Brazil; subsectins several non-monophyletic, SEE), subg. Monoxalis (2, O. dichondrifolia A.Gray and O. robusta (Rose ex Small) R. Knuth, from Mexico and U.S.A., by David H. Lorence & Warren L. Wagner, PhytoKeys, 2011, p. 06) and subg. Trifidus (2, O. sleumeri Lourteig and O. tacorensis Burtt, from N Chile, NW Argentina and SW Bolivia) - López et al. (Phytotaxa, 2013).
Pabstiella (Orchidaceae) ‣ by N. Gutiérrez Morales et al. (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2020), 10 sections occur in this genus, mainly endemic to Atlantic Forest in Brazil.
Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) ‣ 13 clades occur in this genus, most without formal taxonomic nomenclature; highlighted, we cite clade C, which includes Tonina Aubl. and Lacnocaulon Kunth, clade I, composed by all Actinocephalus (Korn.) Sano. plus P. camptophyllus Ruhland and P. macrocephalus (Bong.) Körn., and clade B, possibly absent in Brazil, endemic to Cuba - C. O. Andrino et al. (Botanic Journal Linnean Society, 2020).
Parathesis (Myrsinaceae) ‣ two subgenera: subg. Lateralis and subg. Parathesis, and two species in Brazil, both in subg. Parathesis - Ricketson & Pipoly (Sida, 2003).
Passiflora (Passifloraceae) ‣ 5 subgenera, subdivided into various categories - subg. Astrophea (62 in five sections; for Brazil, see Pires et al., Phytotaxa, 2020), subg. Decaloba (230 in 8 subsections; for details in Brazil, see Milward-de-Azevedo, Diversidade e Gestão, 2018), subg. Deidamioides (13 in five sections), subg. Passiflora (253 in six supersections) and subg. Tetrapathea (3); of these 25 subdivisions, does not occur in Brazil only sect. Astrophea (Colombia to Peru, giants Passiflora) in subg. Astrophea, subg. Tetrapathea (Australia to New Zealand), sect. Disemma (all 21 Old World members in subgenus Decaloba), sect Hahniopathanthus (5, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela) and sect. Pterosperma (4, Mexico to Panamá) in subg. Decaloba, sect. Mayapathanthus (2, Mexico to Costa Rica) and sect. Tryphostemmatoides (4, Nicaragua to Ecuador, sometimes placed as fully subgenus, see Ocampo et al., Phytotaxa, 2019) in subg. Deidamioides, and supersect. Tacsonia in subg. Passiflora (62-64 spp., Andes, Stefan, Souto-Vilarós & Renner, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 2004) - Feuillet & MacDougal (Passiflora, 2003) and Krosnick et al. (Systematic Botany, 2009).
Pavonia (Malvaceae) ‣ 5 subgenera, 15 sections and 9 subsections emerges of this genus, all in Brazil except sect. Albae in subg. Asterochlamys (3, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela), sections Collicolae and Laminares in subg. Malache, both endemics to Mexico, and sect. Diathericae in subg. Typhalea (1, endemic to mangroves in Pacific coast of Colombia); on the other hand, subg. Goetheoides (16) is fully endemic to Brazil - Fryxell (Flora Neotropica, 1999).
Peperomia (Piperaceae) ‣ modern analyzes (Wanke, Plant. Biol., 2006) indicate a arrangement with 8 distinct lineages; by the species analyzed in the work, Brazilian members are confirmed for all clades except clade A.
Persea (Lauraceae) ‣ two subgenera: subg. Persea with two spp. from Mexico to Panamá, P. americana L. and P. albida Kosterm.; subg. Eriodaphne (all other species, inc. all South American species) - Campos Rojas et al. (Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2007), also POWO (SEE).
Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) ‣ genus currently divided into two non-subgenus placement (both from Caribbean), 5 subgenera, all in Brazil, with subg. Ciccastrum (2) endemic to country. Among the 19 sections from subg. Phyllanthus and subg. Xylophylla, 9 are absents in Brazil (8 in Caribbean and sect. Oxalistylis monotypic from Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela), two are fully endemics (Chorethropsis and Diplocicca) and one near endemic (Antipodanthus) - Bouman et al. (Phytotaxa, 2022).
Philodendron (Araceae) ‣ after the emancipation of Thaumatophyllum Schott by Sakuragui et al. (PhytoKeys, 2018), Philodendron was limited to two subgenera: subg. Philodendron (430, the bulk of genus) and subg. Pteromischum (75, two centers of diversity, one in Central America and another in West Amazonia, but is poorly represented in extra-Amazonian South America; only 8 spp. occur in Atlantic Forest in Brazil, details in Calazans & Saguraki, Phytotaxa, 2013).
Pilea (Urticaceae) ‣ on this genus, Killip (Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, 1936) made a classification into groups, and Monro (American Journal of Botany, 2006) a phylogenetic pre-division; at both works, a detailed analysis cannot be done by SSAA.
Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) ‣ three subgenera, two in South America, subg. Isoloba (19, four sections, only sect. Ampullipalatum in South America with 11 spp. all restricteds from continent, 6 from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and 5 in Argentina and Chile), subg. Pinguincula (25-30, northern hemisphere, absent in continent) and subg. Temnoceras (63-73, four sections, only one in South America, sect. Heterophylliformis, a monotypic section, with P. elongata Benj. from Andes of Colombia and Venezuela) - Fleischmann (Carnivorous Plant Newletter, 2021).
Piper (Piperaceae) ‣ three main lineages: Neotropical, Asian, and South Pacific; these main lineages comprise ten major clades; Neotropical lineage can be subdivided in to eight clades, all occur in Brazil except clade Piper cinereum/P. aurita clade, with two spp., from Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname and French Guiana - Jaramillo et al. (Systematic Botany, 2008).
Plantago (Plantaginaceae) ‣ four subgenera, subg. Plantago and subg. Psyllium widely worldwide, both in Brazil; subg. Bouguiera is monotypic restricted from Andes of Peru to Argentina; subg. Coronopus occur from northern Hemisphere with P. maritima L. also in southern South America - N. Rønsted et al (Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2002), also by Mower et al. (Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 2021).
Pleurophora (Lythraceae) ‣ two subegenera: subg. Pleurophora (5, arid regions of Bolivia, Chile and Argentina) and subg. Anisotes (3, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay) - Siqueira Filho et al. (Systematic Botany, 2015).
Poa (Poaceae) ‣ joined data from Soreng et al (Aarhus, 2010) and Poa in Flora of China (SEE), five subgenera belongs this genus, Ochlopoa, Pseudopoa, Poa, Stenopoa and Sylvestres; in New World occur the following taxa: subg. Poa sects Macropoa, Homalopoa and Poa, subg. Ochlopoa sects Alpinae and Parodiochloa, subg. Stenopoa sects Pandemos, Secundae and Stenopoa, and subg. Sylvestres. Sections absents in South America: Pseudopoa (5, NE Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe) and Sylvestres (endemic to North America) - Giussani et al. (Annals of Botany, 2016).
Senega (Polygalaceae) ‣ three sungenera, subg. Clinclinia (26, endemic to Argentina and/or Chile, but with two species, S.[P.] aspalatha L. and S.[P.] cyparissias A.St.-Hil. & Moq., also occurring in Brazil); subg. Monninopsis (9, occurring mainly in Mexico and the adjacent U.S.A.), S.[P.] cisandina Chodat (Bolivia) and S.[P.] darwiniana A.W.Benn. (Cono Sur); and subg.. Senega (c. 175, with most of them in the Americas, but with 9 species native to Africa, and with S.[P.] paniculata L. naturalized around the Paleotropics (Pastore et al., Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2023).
Pontederia (Pontederiaceae) ‣ by Marco O. O. Pellegrini et al. (PhytoKeys, 2018), 5 subgenera belongs this genus, the four South Americans occur in Brazil (none endemics); subg. Monochoria (10) is only in Old World.
Qualea (Vochysiaceae) ‣ this genus has two subgenera: Qualea (4 subsections) and Amphilochia (no section) - Gonçalves et al. (American Journal of Botany, 2020).
Quercus (Fagaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Quercus and Cerris, only the first in New World) and eight sections; South American member Q. humboldtii Bonpl. belongs subg. Quercus section Lobatae, a high clade with 120 spp. exclusively from New World - Denk et al (Tree Physiology, 2007).
Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) ‣ three subgenera, subg. Calamorhipsalis (8 or more), fully endemic to Brazil except R. floccosa Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff. to Bolivia, Venezuela and Guianas; subg. Erythrorhipsalis (9 or more), fully endemic to Brazil except R. cereuscula Haw. up to Bolivia and Parguay; and subg. Rhipsalis (23 or more), tropical America to Africa, some species absents in Brazil - Calvente (Systematic Botany, 2012).
Richardia (Rubiaceae) ‣ two sections: sect. Richardia (4) from the southern United States to Peru, Argentina, and Brazil; and sect. Asterophyton (3) having disjunct distributions in three areas: Texas-Mexico, Cuba, and central South America - Lewis (Brittonia, 1974).
Rinorea (Violaceae) ‣ Neotropical species of Rinorea s.s. falls in two sections: sect. Pubiflora (32, Mexico to America) and sect. Rinorea (13, Panamá to South America) - Wahlert et al. (Brittonia, 2017).
Ruellia (Acanthaceae) ‣ 15 lineages in New World, 11 in Brazil (3 endemics), 4 absents: Mexico and U.S.A one endemic each; one in Colombia, Venezuela and Bolivia; and one from Costa Rica to Bolivia (Manzitto-Tripp & Daniel, Taxon, 2023).
Salicornea (Amaranthaceae) ‣ four subgenera belongs this genus, subg. Arthrocnemoides (7) and subg. Afrocornia (16) only Old World, subg. Salicornia (17) worldwide except South America and Australia, and subg. Amerocornia with 4 spp. from North and 4 in South America, two from southern regions, one endemic to Peru and S. neei Lag. in saline deserts in Pacific Coast of Chile and Peru, through the N half of Argentina, to the Atlantic coast of Argentina up to S Brazil - Piirainen M, Liebisch O & Kadereit G (Taxon, 2017).
Salvagesia (Ochnaceae) ‣ two sections, one of then divided into two subsections: sect. Sauvagesia with subsect. Sauvagesia and subsect. Vellozianae, both in Brazil; and the sect. Imthurnianae (3) from Colombia to Guianas and N Brazil (S. Nozawa et al., Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 2010) - Sastre (Bulletin du Jardin botanique National de Belgique, 1981).
Sanicula (Apiaceae) ‣ with data of Kronister (Thesis, 2013) and Vargas et al. (Systematic Botany, 1999), 4 sections make up this genus: sect. Pseudopetagnia (6, Asia), sect. Sanicoria (18, W North America, 3 in Hawaii), sect. Sanicula (13, cosmopolitan, only one in Asia, includind the three South American spp.) and sect. Tuberculatae (3, China, Korea and Japan).
Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) ‣ there is no global genus review; by Soejarto (Fieldiana, 1980), for South America, there are 7 sections, all exclusives from continent, with largest numbers in Colombia (6, Omichlophilea endemic) and Peru (15, Gynotrichae endemic).
Sedum (Crassulaceae) ‣ a chaotic genus with two major groups, Leucosedum clade (200, Sedeae p.p., inc. Pistorinia, Rosularia, Prometheum, Afrovivella, Sedella, Dudleya, Sedum p.p.) and Acre clade (550, Sedeae p.p., Cremnophila, Echeveria, Graptopetalum, Lenophyllum, Pachyphytum, Thompsonella, Villadia, Sedum p.p.) - Messerschmid & al. (Taxon, 2020).
Sida (Malvaceae) ‣ 11 sections, 8 occur in Brazil, none is a national endemic: sect. Cordifoliae (24, North to South America, two in Australia and S. cordifolia L. pantropical), sect. Distichifoliae (16, tropics), sect. Ellipticifoliae (9, U.S.A., Mexico and Guatemala), sect. Hookerianae (2, one in Australia another from Ethiopia to South Africa), sect. Malacroideae (24, North to South America, one in Old World), sect. Muticae (1, S. aggregata C. Presl. from Mexico to northern South America and Caribbean inc. Brazil), sect. Nelavagae (30, North America to South America up Brazil, and two in Asia), sect. Pseudo-Napaeae (1, North America), sect. Oligandrae (4, high elevations of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia), sect. Sidae (37, over widely in New and Old World tropics), sect. Spinosae (18, widely in New World) and sect. Stenindae (2, one endemic to Paraguay and S. linifolia Juss. ex Cav. very widely, also in Brazil) - Fryxell (Sida, 1985), update by Krapovickas (Bonplandia, 2003).
Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) ‣ sect. Cephalanthum (c. 20, Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur), sect. Echthronema (7, W North to Colombia, Peru and Bolivia), sect. Hydastylus (6, North America, Central America, W South America and Hawaii), sect. Morphanthus (2, North America to Argentina), sect. Rhizilineum (3, widely in New World), sect. Segetia (6, W South America), sect. Sisyrinchium (c. 60, North and S South America, inc. Brazil), sect. Spathirhachis (9, Peru, Chile and Argentina), sect. Trichoparcus (6, Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur) and sect. Viperella (c. 24, Brazil, Bolivia and Cono Sur) - Inácio & al. (Taxon, 2017).
Solanum (Solanaceae) ‣ three major clades (Thelopodium, Lineage I, Lineage II), 11 medium-sized (7 in Brazil) and 48 smaller end-clades within the two large major clades. In Lineage I, Brazil has only 3 of 16 clades (13 absents, 8 of Petota, 4 in VANA, and Regmandra); in Lineage II except Leptostemonum, Brazil includes 11 clades (two endemics), and two are absents (Argentina and Peru one endemic each); in Leptostemonum, Brazil includes 13 (two endemics) of 19 clades (outsiders two in Caribbean, one in North America to Mexico, one in Argentina, one only in Old World, and one from Texas to Colombia and Caribbean) - Hilgenhof et al. (Taxon, 2023).
Stelis (Orchidaceae) ‣ Karremans (Lankesteriana, 2019) - recognizes ten subgenera in this genus, 6 in Brazil and 4 absents: Physosiphon (6, Mexico to Bolivia), Condylago (2, Panamá and Colombia), Uncifera (42, Mexico to Bolivia) and Dracontia (40, Mexico to Andes).
Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae) ‣ two subgenera: subg. Stigmaphyllon (94, mostly twining woody vines or rarely shrubs native to the Neotropics from southern S Mexico to northern Argentina, S. bannisterioides (L.) C.E.Anderson. is also found in coast of W Africa (Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone) and subg. Ryssopterys (21, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Sunda Islands (except Borneo and Sumatra), New Guinea, Queensland (Australia), New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and Philippines - Anderson (Blumea, 2011).Strychnos (Loganiaceae) ‣ a provisional phylogenetic work, no fully nomenclaturally definite, is avalilable in Setúbal et al. (Systematic Botany, 2022).
Symplocos (Symplocaceae) ‣ two subgenera: subg. Symplocos with three sections: sect. Barberina (25, one in Asia and remaining in New World), sect. Lohdra (142, E Asia, Australasia) and sect. Symplocos (178, tropical America); and subg. Palura (1, E Asia) - Fritsch et al. (Taxon, 2008).
Theobroma (Malvaceae) ‣ 22 spp. in six sections, Andropetalum (T. mammosum Cuatr. & León, Nicaragua and Costa Rica); Glossopetalum (12); Oreanthes (5); Rhytidocarpus (T. bicolor Humb. & Bonpl.); Telmatocarpus (T. gileri Cuatr., T. microcarpum Mart.) and Theobroma (T. cacao L.); representative species from all the sections can be found in Brazil, except for Andropetalum - Silva, Venturieri & Figueira (Acta Botanica Brasilica, 2004).
Tradescantia (Commelinaceae) ‣ 5 subgenera occur in this genus by Pellegrini (PhytoKeys, 2017), two only from Canada to Mexico, two widespread in New World (both in Brazil, with only one species each in country), and subg. Austrotradescantia restricted for southern half of South America (15, 14 in Brazil, 10 endemics).
Thismia (Burmanniaceae) ‣ two subgenera: subg. Thismia (44) from the Old World and one in U.S.A.; subg. Ophiomeris (23) in three sections: sect. Ophiomeris (15, endemics in Brazil (8), Colombia (2), French Guiana (1), 4 in Brazil up to other countries), sect. Myostoma (1, T. hyalina (Miers) Benth. & Hook.f. ex F.Muell., Brazil and Peru) and sect. Pyramidalis (7, all in Brazil, 5 endemics and two up to Bolivia and Ecuador) - Kumar et al. (Phytotaxa, 2017).
Tropaeolum (Tropaeolaceae) ‣ two sections: sect. Tropaeolum (include the formerly recognised sections Bicolora, Dipetala, Mucoronata, Schizotrophaeum, Serratociliata, Tropaeolum, and Umbellata) and sect. Chilensia (include the formerly recognised genera Magallana and Trophaeastrum, and the formerly recognised Tropaeolum sect. Chymocarpus) - Andersson & Andersson (Taxon, 2000).
Turnera (Passifloraceae) ‣ 11 series occur in this genus, all in Brazil, two endemics (ser. Papilliferae and ser. Sessilifoliae) - Rocha & al. (Taxon, 2019).
Verbesina (Asteraceae) ‣ the 12 classically recognized sections for this genus are not monophyletic (Moreira et al., Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2023).
Viburnum (Viburnaceae) ‣ 10 sections, nine occur in Asia and 4 in New World, three in North America with sect. Lentago up to Mexico, and sect. Oreinotinus (38), all Neotropical - Winkworth & Donoghue (American Journal of Botany, 2005).
Viola (Vioaceae) ‣ 664 species accepted into two subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections; subg. Neoandinium has 139 spp. in 11 sections, 7 only from Argentina and Chile, sect. Inconspicuiflos (8) is endemic to Peru, and three remainig widely in W South America; subg. Viola has 20 sections, of which 7 occur in South America: sect. Chilenium (2, Colombia to Patagonia), sect. Leptidium (18, Mexico to Bolivia, Lesser Antilles, SE Brazil), sect. Nosphinium subsect. Mexicanae (10, Mexico to Ecuador), sect. Rubellium (3, endemic to C Chile), sect. Tridens (1, Chile and Argentina), sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae (51, north-temperate, except for V. huidobrii Gay in Argentina and Chile, and one in New Guinea), sect. Xanthidium (2, Peru to N Argentina) - Marcussen et al. (Plants, 2022).
Vismia (Hypericaceae) ‣ two subgenera, subg. Vismia for New World species (54), and subg. Afrovismia for African species (7) - Diel (Dissertation, 2021), Marcussen et al (Systematic Biology, 2015).
Vochysia (Vochysiaceae) ‣ this genus has three sections: Vochysiella (2 subsections), Ciliantha (6 subsections) and Pachyantha (no subsection) - Gonçalves et al. (American Journal of Botany, 2020).
Voyria (Gentianaceae) ‣ this genus has two well distinct subgenera: subg. Voyria (only V. caerulea Aubl. in Brazil) and subg. Leiphaimos (all remaining species in country), by Gomes et al. (Taxon, 2022).
Wissadula (Malvaceae) ‣ two sections, sect. Wissadula (38, over range of genus, 18 of then in Brazil, 4 endemics) and sect. Wissada (3, two from N South America to Caribbean, both absent in Brazil, and W. stipulata Bovini endemic to Mato Grosso do Sul state) - Bovini & Baumgratz (Phytotaxa, 2016).
Xyris (Xyridaceae) ‣ three sections: sect. Nematopus (ca. 250 species mainly in South America and basal or central placentation), sect. Pomatoxyris (22, restricted to Australia and with axillary placentation, and sect. Xyris (pantropical and has ca. 140 spp. with parietal placentation) - Nardi et al. (BJLS, 2021).
Zephyranthes (Amaryllidaceae) ‣ five subgenera: Habranthus (3, Argentina, Uruguay and S Brazil), Eithea (2, endemic to Brazil), Zephyranthes (139 spp., over distribution of genus), Neorhodophiala (a single species from Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and S Brazil) and Myostemma (17, Argentina and Chile) - García et al. (Taxon, 2019).
UPDATES
31⋅01⋅2024 ‣ inclusion of data among Verbesina (Asteraceae, SEE).
06⋅08⋅2023 ‣ updates in Senega (ex. Polygala in New World), Pinguicula, Thismia, Asemeia, Solanum and Calliandra, and inclusion of Ruellia.
04⋅04⋅2023 ‣ updates in Citharexylum.